大学新生应激、倦怠和抑郁的关系:来自纵向研究的证据

应激、倦怠和抑郁是职业健康心理学中三个非常容易混淆的概念,为了对三者的关系加以明确的考察,本研究利用大一学生生活事件问卷、简式倦怠量表和自评抑郁量表在三个不同的时间段对230名大学新生进行施测,结果表明:(1)应激(主要生活事件和日常琐事)、倦怠和抑郁是三个可以相互区分的心理学概念;(2)无论是在横断考察还是在纵向分析中,日常琐事都是抑郁的有效预测变量;(3)无论是在横断考察还是在纵向分析中,日常琐事都是倦怠的有效预测变量;(4)无论是在横断考察还是在纵向分析中,倦怠都是抑郁的有效预测变量;(5)倦怠能够(部分)中介日常琐事对于抑郁的影响.     

汶川地震30个月后中小学生的身心状况研究

通过对汶川地震极重灾区的中小学生进行问卷调查,考察其在地震30个月后的创伤后应激障碍、抑郁、学习倦怠和创伤后成长等身心状况。结果发现：（1）震后30个月的中小学生创伤后应激障碍和抑郁情况较为严重,发生率分别达到6.6%和69.5%,女生和高年级学生是其高危人群;（2）学习倦怠总体情况比较轻微,学习的低效能感相对较严重;（3）创伤后成长的程度较高,且性别和年级间差异与创伤后应激障碍相似;（4）创伤后应激障碍、抑郁及学习倦怠等3个消极变量和创伤后成长之间分别为正相关、零相关和零相关。建议心理疏导人员将重心放在降低创伤后应激障碍和抑郁的程度及激发受灾学生的创伤后成长方面,并充分意识到创伤后成长程度较高的学生也有出现心理不良状况的可能性。     

护士工作应激与倦怠的关系

依据Maslach等的理论构想,利用中式工作倦怠量表和工作应激问卷,通过对175名护士的调查,考察工作应激与倦怠之间的关系。结果表明,奖赏不足和价值观冲突对耗竭具有显著的预测作用;工作负荷、缺乏控制和共同体瓦解对人格解体具有显著的预测作用;共同体瓦解对成就感降低具有显著的预测作用。     

新冠疫情期间中小学教师工作-家庭冲突和抑郁:有调节的中介模型

本研究考察新冠疫情期间,工作-家庭冲突是否通过职业倦怠增加中小学教师抑郁水平,以及心理弹性是否调节该中介作用。1127名中小学教师参与线上调查,完成中小学教师工作-家庭冲突问卷、中小学教师职业倦怠问卷、抑郁自评量表及中学教师心理弹性量表。结果发现：(1)大多教师疫情前后工作生活情况、工作-家庭冲突与抑郁的状况变化不大,少数教师疫情期间工作生活情况、工作-家庭冲突与抑郁状况变差或好转;(2)教师工作-家庭冲突与抑郁、职业倦怠呈正相关,三者均与心理弹性负相关;(3)控制额外变量后,职业倦怠是工作-家庭冲突与抑郁间的中介变量,在疫情期间工作生活状态更好、更差以及与疫情前后没有差别的教师中均成立;(4)对于感知疫情后情况更好的教师,心理弹性调节了工作-家庭冲突与职业倦怠的关系。对于感知疫情后情况更差的教师,心理弹性调节了职业倦怠与抑郁的关系。因此,缓解工作-家庭冲突和职业倦怠、提高心理弹性可减少中小学教师抑郁,保持心理健康。     

非工作时间工作连通行为与婚姻倦怠的关系

基于资源保存理论和溢出效应模型构建了一个有调节的中介模型,探讨非工作时间工作连通行为对婚姻倦怠的影响机制。使用非工作时间工作连通行为量表、工作家庭冲突量表、伴侣支持应对问卷(来自伴侣的支持应对和共同应对)和婚姻倦怠量表对1620位已婚的各行业职场人士进行测量。结果表明：(1)非工作时间工作连通行为对婚姻倦怠和工作对家庭的冲突有显著正向预测作用;(2)非工作时间工作连通行为通过工作对家庭的冲突对婚姻倦怠起到预测作用;(3)伴侣支持应对调节了工作对家庭的冲突对婚姻倦怠的影响。本研究为如何降低非工作时间工作连通行为对婚姻倦怠的负面影响提供了指导。     

气郁体质对女性抑郁作用的纵向研究:一个有调节的中介模型

目的:为了明确气郁体质对女性抑郁的作用机制,研究通过纵向设计构建了一个有调节的中介模型,探讨了气郁体质和抑郁之间冗思的中介作用和生活应激事件的调节作用。方法:采用问卷法对468名女大学生进行追踪,通过间隔一年两个时间点的纵向设计,对女性的气郁体质、抑郁、冗思及生活应激事件进行调查。结果:交叉滞后模型结果显示,气郁体质可以显著预测女性一年后的抑郁水平; 冗思在气郁体质对一年后抑郁的影响中起纵向中介作用; 生活应激事件调节了气郁体质对一年后抑郁作用的直接路径和后半路径。结论:气郁体质与抑郁之间的纵向中介调节模型成立,这提示气郁体质的女性可以通过减少冗思,优化应对生活应激事件的方式来改善抑郁。     

工作倦怠：一个不断扩展的研究领域

工作倦怠的研究始终处于不断扩展与完善之中。从适用于人际工作者的单一概念与结构扩展到适用于一般人群的概念与结构;从理论上的关注个体评价过程到重视需要与资源平衡的观点;从负性的倦怠研究到对积极的工作投入的研究;从传统组织的倦怠研究到开始关注了新兴组织形式下的倦怠问题;以及从原来的只有在美国的研究扩展到开始关注跨文化的比较研究。文章还对今后研究的热点与方向进行了展望     

教师职业倦怠的研究综述

本对国内外教师职业倦怠的研究作了综述。讨论了职业倦怠的概念及教师职业倦怠的症状、根源和对策,介绍了教师职业倦怠的测量工具,并对上述研究作了简略评析,指出了教师职业倦怠问题未来的研究趋势。     

抑郁认知易感性应激模式的研究：起源、发展和整合

近年来,对抑郁易感性的研究,已经成为探寻抑郁心理病理的一个热点。文章介绍了抑郁易感性应激模型的相关定义、起源、及主要特点。介绍了在当代具有代表性的3个理论：（1）Abramson的抑郁无望理论;（2）Beck的认知易感理论;（3）双信息过程理论。尤其对抑郁认知易感性因素本身的起源、发展及影响因素进行了评述。最后,介绍了整合的抑郁认知易感性应激模型。在此基础上,提出了模型进一步完善和发展的方向     

早期应激对抑郁相关行为及神经内分泌反应的长期影响

临床研究发现,早期创伤性经历是导致成年抑郁症易感性增加的高风险因素之一。但早期应激通过何种途径对抑郁发病产生长期的影响,目前尚不清楚。本文综述了近年来有关的实验动物研究,从早期应激的动物模型建立、早期应激对成年动物抑郁相关行为及神经内分泌反应的长期影响等方面进行了系统论述和分析,进而提出了早期应激并不影响动物的本能行为,但早期应激影响与行为动机和应激应对等认知相关的行为的观点,进一步论证了早期应激是通过增加个体潜在的易患病素质对抑郁症发病产生影响     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

Kann Es Ein Argument Für Den Skeptizismus Geben? Das Epistemische Problem Der Irrtumsmöglichkeit

Summary  Is there any argument for scepticism? The epistemic problem of the possibility of error. Arguments for scepticism rest on the assumption that knowledge claims are fallible. For this reason the concept of knowledge appears to be questionable. Since it is necessary to distinguish doubts from possible doubts, the arguments for scepticism appear to be unconvincing. If we take it into account that we know something that is immune to doubt, we should draw the conclusion that, contrary to scepticism, knowledge claims have to be compatible with being fallible. Thus any knowledge claim is capable of being doubted.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Chapter 6: Biblical Foundations for a Practical Theology of Aging

SUMMARY

This article reviews Biblical sources pertaining to the elderly, particularly the frail elderly. Founded on these sources, implications for elderly with Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia are addressed through a personal perspective informed by writings of Christian mystics.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.