阅读研究中的主要眼动指标评述

眼跳和注视是阅读过程中的两种基本眼动现象.目前在对阅读的眼动研究中分析指标主要包括两类,一类是与眼睛何时移动有关的时间维度的眼动指标,具体包括以字或词为兴趣区的眼动指标,如单一注视时间、首次注视时间、第二次注视时间、凝视时间、离开目标后的首次注视时间、回视时间和总注视时间等,以及以短语或句子为兴趣区的眼动指标,如第一遍阅读时间、向前阅读时间、第二遍阅读时间、回视路径阅读时间、重读时间等.另一类是与眼睛移动位置有关的空间维度的眼动指标,具体包括眼跳距离、注视位置、注视次数、跳读率、再注视比率和回视次数等.在使用眼动指标时,需要注意眼动指标的分类、原始数据的删除标准以及眼动指标的选择等问题.     

面部表情识别的即时加工过程

采用眼动记录技术探讨面部表情识别的即时加工过程。基本的面部表情可以分为三种性质：正性、中性和负性,实验一探讨大学生对这三种面部表情识别即时加工过程的基本模式;实验二采用遮蔽技术探讨面部不同部位信息对面部表情识别的影响程度。结果发现：（1）被试对不同性质面部表情识别的即时加工过程存在共性,其眼动轨迹呈“逆V型”;（2）被试对不同性质面部表情的识别存在显著差异,在行为指标和眼动指标上都有体现;（3）对不同部位进行遮蔽,眼动模式发生了根本性改变,遮蔽影响面部表情识别的反应时和正确率;（4）面部表情识别对面部不同部位信息依赖程度不同,眼部信息作用更大。上述结果提示,个体对不同性质面部表情识别的即时加工过程具有共性,但在不同性质面部表情识别上的心理能量消耗不同;并且表情识别对面部不同部位信息依赖程度不同,对眼部信息依赖程度更大     

5~6岁幼儿对不同文化背景卡通面孔再认的眼动研究

采用不同文化背景卡通面孔为刺激材料,探究中国幼儿对中国风、日本风与欧美风女性卡通面孔再认的差异及其眼动机制。结果显示：（1）卡通面孔再认正确率差异显著,日本风面孔具有记忆优势;女童对三种面孔再认正确率均显著高于男童;（2）卡通面孔特质中的夸张性对卡通面孔再认正确率的预测显著;（3）文化背景与性别因素显著影响平均注视时间、注视点个数、眼跳次数和幅度及瞳孔大小等总体眼动指标;（4）兴趣区数据显示：对日本风面孔的总注视时间和注视点个数最高;卡通面孔再认主要依赖于眼部、其次为鼻子;文化背景与兴趣区存在交互作用,在注视时间、注视点个数与首注视点指标上,提示幼儿更关注日本风的眼睛区域与欧美风的鼻子区域。综上,幼儿对不同文化背景卡通面孔的记忆和眼动加工存在差异,日本风卡通面孔的记忆优势可能基于其夸张性高的面孔特质,尤其在眼睛部位;行为学与眼动指标均提示女童对卡通面孔的再认具有优势。     

Performance of a computer system for recording eye fixations using limbus reflection

A computer system was developed to measure and record locus and duration of the eye axis of gaze using a limbus reflection technique. System hardware and operating procedures for on-line data collection and correction are described. Algorithms are presented that separate fixations from movements. Based on these algorithms, system performance was measured in terms of spatial accuracy of eye fixations and temporal accuracy of saccadic movements.     

Not fixating at the line of text comes at a cost

Previous research on eye guidance in reading has investigated systematic tendencies with respect to horizontal fixation locations on letters within words and the relationship between fixation location in a word and the duration of the fixation. The present study investigates where readers place their eyes vertically on the line of text and how vertical fixation location is related to fixation duration. Analyses were based on a large corpus of eye movement recordings from single-sentence reading. The vertical preferred viewing location was found to be within the vertical extent of the font, but fixations beyond the vertical boundaries of the text also frequently occurred. Analyzing fixation duration as a function of vertical fixation location revealed a vertical optimal viewing position (vOVP) effect: Fixations were shortest when placed optimally on the line of text, and fixation duration gradually increased for fixations that fell above or below the line of text. The vOVP effect can be explained by the limits of visual resolution along the vertical meridian. It is concluded that vertical and horizontal landing positions in single-sentence reading are associated with differences in fixation durations in opposite ways.     

An automated eye movement recording system for use with human infants

An infrared corneal reflection eye movement system modified for work with human infants is described. The system generates on-line digital information on eye position at a sampling rate that allows examination of the temporal and spatial characteristics of fixations and eye move-ments. An algorithm for defining fixation and eye movement episodes is described.     

大学生问题发现过程的眼动研究

在潜藏式与矛盾式两类问题发现情境中, 以眼动仪为研究工具, 问题发现能力高与低的大学生各20名为被试, 探讨大学生在问题发现总体和4个兴趣区中的眼动特征及其与发现问题数量和质量之间的关系。研究表明：(1)不同能力大学生在不同情境及其兴趣区中的问题发现差异, 能够体现在眼动指标上。回视是反映问题发现能力的敏感指标。回视次数和发现问题数量与质量之间的正相关, 以及在高能力组学生上的优势, 体现了信息的联系和整合性加工在问题发现中具有积极意义。(2)潜藏式问题发现中, 个体平均注视时间更长, 反映其认知加工难度更大。在提供重要信息的区域, 被试会投入更多精力, 表现为在注视时间、注视次数和瞳孔直径大小等指标的上升。(3)眼睛注视区域与发现问题区域间存在对应关系, 显示出“眼随心动”现象。在问题发现的最初和最终阶段, 被试都会出现跨区信息搜寻行为, 分别代表了对问题线索的寻找和最后的检查评估。高能力被试在每个稳定注视阶段的注视时间更短, 这种信息转换的灵活性体现出其信息加工上的优势。动态眼动轨迹分析揭示了单个静态指标难以反映的新特点。     

ProtoMatch: a tool for analyzing high-density, sequential eye gaze and cursor protocols

ProtoMatch is a software tool for integrating and analyzing fixed-location and movement eye gaze and cursor data. It provides a comprehensive collection of protocol analysis tools that support sequential data analyses for eye fixations and scanpaths as well as for cursor “fixations” (dwells at one location) and “cursorpaths” (movements between locations). ProtoMatch is modularized software that integrates both eye gaze and cursor protocols into a unified stream of data and provides an assortment of filters and analyses. ProtoMatch subsumes basic analyses (i.e., fixation duration, number of fixations, etc.) and introduces a method of objectively computing the similarity between scanpaths or cursorpaths using sequence alignment. The combination of filters, basic analyses, and sequence alignment in ProtoMatch provides researchers with a versatile system for performing both confirmatory and exploratory sequential data analyses (Sanderson & Fisher, 1994).     

不同诉求方式的手机网页广告效果研究

本研究以50名视力正常的大学生为被试,采用眼动追踪技术,研究他们在浏览不同诉求方式、不同位置广告时对手机广告的记忆程度、喜好程度。结果发现:(1)对于不同诉求方式的网页广告,理性诉求组的注视次数及注视时间明显高于感性诉求组。(2)网页广告的位置对被试的记忆成绩与眼动模式有影响,表现为下部的注视次数增加,注视时间长。记忆成绩中下部比上部记忆效果稍好。     

Eye movements of large populations: II. Deriving regions of interest, coverage, and similarity using fixation maps

The analysis of eye movement traces (i.e., the patterns of fixations in a search) is more complex than that of such parameters as mean fixation duration, and as a result, previous attempts have focused on a qualitative appraisal of the form of an eye movement trace. In this paper, the concept of thefixation map is introduced. Its application to the quantification of similarity of traces and the degree of coverage by fixations of a visual stimulus is discussed. The ability of fixation maps to aid in the understanding and communication of large numbers of eye movement traces is examined.     

An eye movement analysis system (EMAS) for the identification of cognitive processes on figural tasks

EMAS is a software system (written in VAX-11 FORTRAN) for the analysis of eye movement data recorded during the performance of figural tasks. Its main functions are: (1) Calibration of raw coordinates of eye movements to determine their actual position on the stimulus display. Different kinds of measurement distortion may be corrected. (2) Identification of eye fixations and the determination of their locations and durations. (3) Analysis of fixation sequences. The frequency of transitions of fixations among specified sectors of the stimulus display is computed. A sequential list is made of the successive fixations in which the fixated sector and the fixation duration are graphically indicated. (4) Plotting of raw or calibrated eye movement data and fixation points. The sequence of fixations in specified display sectors can also be plotted in real time. Applications of the programs to the Embedded Figures Test and the Hidden Figures Test are illustrated.     

Evaluating and reporting data quality in eye movement research

In order to judge the degree of confidence one should have in the results of an experiment using eye movement records as data, it is necessary to have information about the quality of the eye movement data themselves. Suggestions are made for ways of assessing and reporting this information. The paper deals with three areas: characteristics of the eye movement signal, algorithms used in reducing the data, and accuracy of the eye position data. It is suggested that all studies involving eye movement data should report such information. Appendices include linear interpolation algorithms for mapping from the eye movement signal to stimulus space and a way of obtaining an index of accuracy for each data point.     

场景知觉中的眼动分析指标:基于注视和眼跳视角

眼动范式是场景知觉研究的重要方法之一,可以通过对场景知觉过程中眼动变化的实时记录,真实地反映场景信息加工的内在心理机制;然而,人们的心理活动是极其复杂的,与之相应的眼动指标也具有多样性和复杂性。对眼动指标的分析,有不同的分析维度,比如整体和局部、时间和空间等。本文回顾了已有的眼动指标分类,并尝试从注视和眼跳的视角对场景知觉过程中的眼动指标进行分类。在此基础上,从界定标准、心理学意义、研究应用等方面对相应的眼动指标进行分析和介绍,最后提出了眼动指标分析和应用可能存在的问题,以及未来研究可能拓展的领域。     

Eye movements are not a prerequisite for learning movement sequence timing through observation

The present experiment examined learning of a three-segment movement sequence using physical or observational practice, and whether permitting eye movements to be made during observation is a prerequisite for learning such a movement sequence. Specifically, participants were required to move a mouse cursor through a three-segment movement sequence in order to satisfy one of three movement time goals (800, 1000, 1200 ms). A yoked-participant design was used in which a physical practice group acted as a learning model, which was viewed simultaneously by two groups that carried out different observational practice procedures. An observation group was permitted to move their eyes whilst observing the model, whereas the fixation group was instructed to maintain fixation on a central target. The difference between pre-test and post-test data indicated that all the three experimental groups significantly altered their timing accuracy, variability and movement kinematics over practice, while the control group’s behaviour was unchanged. These data indicate that movement time as well as the underlying movement control was learned following observation of a movement with or without an explicit contribution from eye movements, albeit to a lesser extent during the final segment of the sequence when compared to the physical practice group. The implication is that while similar processes might normally be involved in physical and observational practice, information afforded by eye movements during observation (e.g., efference copy and eye proprioception) is not necessary for movement sequence learning.     

呈现方式对小学生和大学生分类影响的眼动研究

使用ASL-504型眼动仪,采用2×2的被试间设计,对22名智力、视力均正常的小学生和24名大学生在两种呈现方式下的分类结果和主要眼动指标加以考察。结果表明:(1)小学生分类结果不存在显著的呈现方式差异,大学生分类结果存在显著的呈现方式差异。(2)被试分类结果是否存在显著的呈现方式差异与其兴趣区数目、注视次数、注视频率、注视点持续时间等眼动指标在相应条件下是否存在显著差异是一致的。     

场景情境和目标模板在视觉搜索中的交互作用

以真实场景图像中的物体搜索为实验任务, 操纵场景情境和目标模板, 采用眼动技术将搜索过程分为起始阶段、扫描阶段和确认阶段, 考察场景情境和目标模板对视觉搜索过程的影响机制。结果发现, 场景情境和目标模板的作用方式及时间点不同, 二者交互影响搜索的正确率和反应时, 仅场景情境影响起始阶段的时间, 随后二者交互影响扫描阶段和确认阶段的时间及主要眼动指标。作者由此提出了场景情境和目标模板在视觉搜索中的交互作用模型。     

基于眼动研究的孤独症谱系障碍早期预测

孤独症谱系障碍是一组以社交困难为主要特征的神经发育障碍, 涵盖孤独症、阿斯伯格综合症及分类不明确的广泛型精神发育障碍。ASD预测研究集中在神经生理学、遗传学及心理学领域。在心理学研究中, 眼动技术的运用使得相关测量更为细微、精确, 测量过程更严谨, 预测关系更可信。现有的眼动预测主要着眼于注视时间、首视点和扫视反应时指标的研究。这些研究揭示注视面部和眼睛时间短、注视眼睛时间随年龄增长递减、注视追随时间短、注视重复物理性刺激时间长、视觉搜索优势及注意解除困难均可以预测ASD。未来研究应强化眼动特征预测作用的追踪性考证, 加大与其它发展障碍的预测区分, 控制视觉接受能力对眼动行为的影响, 建立综合性预测体系。     

发展性阅读障碍的理论及眼动研究

关于发展性阅读障碍,国外研究者,基于认知和生物因素,先后提出了语音缺陷论、小脑缺陷论、一般性大细胞功能障碍论等对发展性阅读障碍进行解释,并考察了患者的眼动特征,提出了有效的诊治方法。目前,汉语发展性阅读障碍研究主要局限在语音和正字法领域,也涉及局部脑区的功能缺陷,但还未从多角度测查其成因,如眼动。这里,在理论梳理的基础上,系统探讨了发展性阅读障碍者的眼动特征,如注视时间、注视次数、眼跳、回视等,及视觉加工的眼动机制     

Waldo reveals cultural differences in return fixations

ABSTRACT

Humans routinely perform visual search towards targets to adapt to the environment. These sequences of ballistic eye movements are shaped by a combination of top–down and bottom–up factors. Recent research documented that human observers display cultural-specific fixation patterns in a range of visual processing tasks. In particular, eye movement strategies extracting information from faces clearly differs between Western Caucasian (WC) and East Asian (EA) observers. However, whether such cultural differences are also present for visual scene processing remains debated. To this aim, we recorded the eye movements of WC and EA observers while they were solving visual search problems parametrically varying in difficulty: Where’s Waldo. Both groups had a comparable familiarity with the Waldo books reaching a comparable level of accuracy in target detection. Both cultural groups also showed a comparable temporal effect on inhibition of return, with longer fixation durations when saccades were performed to a return location compared to other locations. Westerners, however, located Waldo faster than Easterners. Interestingly, this modulation of speed was likely related to differences occurring on the low-level mechanisms of spatial inhibition of return, with EA observers returning more often to previously visited locations than the WC observers. This suboptimal eye movement strategy in the Easterners might be engendered by their cultural perceptual bias consisting in? a greater use of extra-foveal information. Overall, our data point towards the existence of a subtle, but significant difference in the processing of visual scenes across observers from different cultures during active visual search.     

Evaluating the influence of approaching vehicles on pedestrian’s visual patterns and crossing behaviors at an uncontrolled crosswalk

The visual behaviors and movement characteristics of pedestrians are related to their surrounding potential safety hazards, such as approaching vehicles. This study primarily aimed to investigate the visual patterns and walking behaviors of pedestrians interacting with approaching vehicles. Field experiments were conducted at two uncontrolled crosswalks located at the Cuihua and Yanta roads in Xi’an, China. The visual performance of pedestrians was assessed using the eye tracking system from SensoMotoric Instruments (SMI). Moreover, motion trajectories of the pedestrians and approaching vehicles were obtained using an unmanned aerial vehicle. Subsequently, the visual attributes and movement trajectories of pedestrians and motion trajectories of approaching vehicles were statistically analyzed. The results showed that approaching vehicles distracted the fixation of crossing pedestrians significantly, and occupied 29.5% of the total duration of fixation; that is, pedestrians always directed more fixation points to the approaching vehicles compared to other stimuli. As a vehicle approached, pedestrians’ fixation shifted from other areas of interest to the vehicle. Moreover, an increase in the velocity of the vehicle and a closer distance between pedestrian and the vehicle resulted in an increase in the pedestrians’ duration of fixation on the approaching vehicle, and they implemented more saccades. Furthermore, approaching vehicle’s velocity and distance between pedestrian and approaching vehicle are not significantly associated with pedestrian’s movement attributes. These findings provide insights into the crossing behavior of pedestrians during pedestrian-vehicle interactions, which could assist future researchers and policy makers.