网络成瘾者的编码和再认实验研究

探讨网络成瘾者在编码和再认阶段是否具有负性的社会认知加工特点.采用Tversky的社会认知实验范式对网络成瘾者与非网络成瘾者进行比较研究.结果表明:(1)与非网络成瘾者相比,网络成瘾者具有更多的负性编码,存在负性编码偏向;(2)与非网络成瘾者相比,网络成瘾者具有更多的负性再认,存在负性再认偏向;(3)网络成瘾者在编码和再认阶段具有负性的社会认知加工特点.     

不同职业认同水平教师对职业生活事件的社会认知加工特征

探讨不同职业认同水平教师在对职业生活事件的编码、再认和启动阶段是否具有不同的社会认知加工特点。采用Tversky的社会认知实验范式对高、低职业认同水平教师进行比较研究,结果发现：（1）高职业认同教师更多将正性条目编码为正性,更少将正性和中性条目编码为负性;高职业认同教师在正性和中性条目的编码正偏向上显著高于低职业认同教师;（2）高职业认同教师能够再认更多原有正性和中性条目,低职业认同教师将更多新加的中性和负性条目判断为阅读材料中的原有条目;（3）高职业认同教师的正性启动量和启动正偏向都显著高于低职业认同教师。结论：不同职业认同水平的教师对职业生活事件存在不同的社会认知加工特征,高职业认同教师的社会认知加工更积极有效。     

负性偏向的神经机制

负性偏向是指负性信息比其他信息得到优先的注意和加工。在负性偏向中注意偏向既是一种自动化的过程也是一种受控制的过程, 杏仁核和眶额皮层在这过程中起着重要作用, 杏仁核调节早期的自动化注意偏向而眶额皮层则控制着自上而下的注意偏向; 负性记忆偏向不仅表现在负性信息得到更深的编码, 还表现在负性信息的再认标准降低。未来应开展负性偏向的皮层?皮层连接、基因、负性偏向的拓展以及负性偏向的干预研究。     

抑郁症状中学生自我相关生活事件的回忆、再认和启动效应特点

采用Tversky的实验设计,对非抑郁和抑郁症状中学生的回忆、再认和启动效应进行了探讨。实验发现,抑郁症状中学生对自我相关生活事件信息加工存在负性回忆、负性再认、负性启动和负性加工偏向;抑郁症状中学生对自我相关生活事件信息加工的回忆具有情境一致性;对再认材料的不同加工深度影响抑郁症状中学生自我相关生活事件信息加工的再认;抑郁症状中学生对自我相关生活事件信息加工的负性启动主要是由于对负性条目、中性条目的负性偏向加工引起     

面孔再认中的同性别偏向及影响因素的综述

面孔再认是社会生活中重要的认知过程,是对保存在长时记忆中的面孔信息的提取。面孔再认包括学习和再认两个阶段。本文对面孔再认中存在同性别偏向现象进行了介绍,并从面孔信息的完整性、面孔的呈现方式、面孔的表情以及加工阶段的注意力四方面论述影响面孔再认中同性别偏向现象的因素,对这一领域的研究进行了综述和展望。     

不同自我和谐水平青少年的认知加工偏向

为了探究不同自我和谐水平青少年的认知加工特点,44名被试先后进行自我相关词语的点-探测任务和词语的再认任务,结果发现:(1)高自我和谐水平的青少年对自我相关的积极词表现出注意优先,低自我和谐水平的青少年对自我相关的消极词表现出注意优先,但两者注意偏向无显著差异;(2)高自我和谐水平的青少年对自我相关的积极词的再认反应时显著短于低自我和谐水平青少年的,对积极词表现出了记忆偏向;低自我和谐水平的青少年对自我相关的消极词、中性词的再认反应时显著短于对积极词的反应时,对消极词、中性词表现出了记忆偏向。因此,不同自我和谐水平的青少年在认知加工的记忆阶段存在特质一致性。     

抑郁中学生自我相关生活事件的编码特点研究

采用Tversky1的实验范式,探讨抑郁和非抑郁的中学生对自我相关生活事件(正性、负性、中性)的编码加工特点。研究发现:1)非抑郁组把负性和中性句子条目编码为正性多(p<0.01),而抑郁组把正性条目和中性条目编码为负性多(p<0.01);2)在编码偏向上,抑郁组采用负偏向编码,非抑郁组采用正偏向编码(p<0.01)。提示抑郁症状中学生对正性和中性的社会信息较多的负偏向编码。     

错误再认的双加工机制——兼作信号检测论的分析

采用DRM范式,通过对预警、呈现时间以及再认时间压力的同时操纵,深入探索错误记忆的产生机制.实验结果发现:(1)编码阶段的预警提示可使再认判断的标准趋于严格,从而降低错误记忆效应;(2)提取阶段的再认时间压力可显著降低被试对关键诱饵与学过项目的区分能力,进而提高错误记忆效应;(3)预警提示在无时间压力时要比有时间压力时更有效降低错误再认.该结果证实在记忆信息的提取阶段存在双加工过程,激活与监测的双加工在错误记忆产生过程中存在对抗式的交互作用.当监测过程在编码和提取两个阶段均受到易化时,策略性的控制过程最有效;当监测过程受阻时,将导致激活的效应更明显.     

抑郁症人群的心境一致性认知偏向

心境一致性认知偏向指的是抑郁病人的认知加工偏向负性情绪效价, 简称认知偏向。大量行为学、电生理学以及脑成像学的研究显示该认知偏向主要包括知觉偏向、注意偏向、记忆偏向以及解释偏向。该认知偏向以加工偏向负性、积极偏向缺失以及认知控制受损为特点, 且是杏仁核等边缘系统对负性信息过度激活、纹状体对正性信息激活不足以及额区激活模式异常三个相应脑机制协同作用的产物。目前此领域存在各认知偏向之间联系不清楚、认知偏向和抑郁症的因果关系难以确定以及各研究结果不一致等有待回答的问题, 这些重要问题值得引起该领域未来研究者的注意。     

厌恶与恐惧面孔的记忆编码、保持、提取

情绪记忆增强效应在负性情绪记忆研究中被反复证实。尽管厌恶和恐惧同属负性情绪, 提示威胁的存在, 但由于它们的进化意义和生理功能不同, 可能导致它们对记忆的编码、保持、提取三个阶段不同的调节方向或调节强度。本文采用延迟再认任务, 采用事件相关电位考察健康成年被试对唤醒度和效价相当的恐惧和厌恶面孔的记忆编码、保持和提取。结果显示, 1)在记忆编码的早期, 被试主要加强了对恐惧面孔的注意(P1)和结构编码(N170), 而厌恶信息的加工受到了抑制; 2)从记忆编码晚期到记忆保持的整个阶段, 被试对厌恶信息的精细评估(编码阶段P3)和复述保持(保持阶段的负走向慢波)均强于恐惧信息; 3)相比于恐惧面孔, 厌恶面孔可能在工作记忆系统形成了更强的表征, 从而使被试在记忆提取时可回忆起更多的细节, 对记忆提取的信心更足(提取阶段P3)。这后两条发现是导致行为层面上厌恶情绪记忆优于恐惧情绪记忆的原因。本研究为“厌恶比恐惧具有更强的记忆增强效应”提供了高时间分辨率的脑活动层面的证据, 从而进一步揭示了负性情绪增强记忆的认知机制。     

Adding Career Biographies and Career Narratives to Career Interest Inventories

This study with 20 adults explored adding career biographies and career narrative writing to the career interest assessment report process. Participants reported that biographies and narratives helped them identify themes to consider how their career plans fit their personal lifestyle, meaning making, and values. This study offers 1 way to incorporate narratives and story to explore the self and self‐in‐context to activate meaning‐making processes in career interest assessment reports. Until career interest assessment reports include career biographies and a process for writing career narratives, only career counselors can offer this type of service to clients.     

Client Conceptions of Change in Career Development and Career Counseling

This article illustrates the ways in which clients in career counseling think about the types of change in their career lives and about the determinants of change. It is based on an analysis of the interview data of a few adult clients. Two category systems are proposed as representative of the clients' thinking about change in these domains.     

无边界职业生涯取向与青年员工职业成功：职业胜任力的中介作用

基于职业成功的胜任力模型,探讨无边界职业生涯取向与青年员工职业成功的关系。采用两阶段（two-wave）问卷调查法,以385名35岁以下的年轻员工为样本进行研究。结果表明,无边界思维模式与青年员工的主观职业成功、客观职业成功均显著地正相关,职业胜任力在其中起完全中介作用;组织流动性偏好与青年员工的主观职业成功、客观职业成功均显著地负相关,职业胜任力在其中起中介作用。研究证实了无边界职业生涯取向对青年员工职业成功的“双刃剑”效应,为青年员工的职业生涯管理提供了重要启示。     

Career Interventions and the Career Thoughts of Pacific Island College Students

Students enrolled in a college success course were assigned to (a) a cognitive intervention using the Career Thoughts Inventory (CTI) workbook ( Sampson, Peterson, Lenz, Reardon, & Saunders, 1996b ), (b) an occupational research project involving an oral report, and (c) a control condition. The workbook condition had a significant effect on the CTI total score, whereas the research condition and the control condition did not. Both workbook and research conditions had a significant positive effect on decision‐making confusion and commitment anxiety.     

自我职涯管理与职涯高原的关系

组织结构扁平化导致职涯高原员工逐渐增多,给个体和组织造成了消极影响。本研究通过对338名企业员工的问卷调查探讨自我职涯管理与职涯高原的关系。结果显示：自我职涯管理中的职业探索与层级高原、内容高原及中心化高原正相关;目标确定与层级高原、关注学习与内容高原、注重关系与中心化高原及内容高原负相关;自我展示虽在简单相关分析中与内容高原及中心化高原负相关,但在回归分析中则相关不显著。     

Career choice and orality

The field of vocational psychology is replete with schemata for the determinants of career choice in adulthood (e.g., A. Roe, The psychology of occupations. New York: Wiley, 1956; D. E. Super, The psychology of careers. New York: Harper &Row, 1957; J. O. Crites, Vocational psychology: The study of vocational behavior and development. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969). A view not given much weight in empirical research in this area is that of psychoanalytic theory relating career choice to unresolved childhood conflicts and their derivatives. To examine the validity of this psychoanalytic prediction, students' Rorschach protocols were analyzed to yield an index of frustrated oral needs. The students were given decks of careers to rank from most to least preferable. Results showed that the ranking of the oral careers was a function of the Rorschach index of frustrated oral needs for women only but not for men.     

Career Plateauing and Institutional/Occupational Intention for Taiwanese Career Officers

This study examines regulatory focus as a mediator between the perception of reaching a career plateau and institutional/occupational (I/O) intention in the Taiwanese military. Empirical data were collected from 632 career officers receiving full-time training at the National Defense University. For the identification of military value, we found that Taiwanese career officers’ occupational intentions were higher than their institutional intentions. Additionally, the results indicate that prevention focus completely mediated occupational intention and that promotion focus partially mediating institutional intention. Practical management and research implications are discussed and a direction for future research is suggested.     

The relationship between Career Choice Attitudes and Career Choice Competencies of ninth-grade pupils

This paper presents the results of a study designed to determine whether or not Career Choice Attitudes and Career Choice Competencies are interrelated as hypothesized in the Crites' (1965, 1973a) model of career maturity. To test hypotheses derived from the Crites model, the Career Maturity Inventory was administered to 270 ninth-grade pupils. The Attitude Scale and Competence Test subscales and total score were intercorrelated. The resulting correlations appear to be mostly consistent with the model of career maturity, although the Career Choice Attitudes and Career Choice Competencies dimensions were found to be more highly correlated with each other than was hypothesized.