Fibred Security Language

We study access control policies based on the says operator by introducing a logical framework called Fibred Security Language (FSL) which is able to deal with features like joint responsibility between sets of principals and to identify them by means of first-order formulas. FSL is based on a multimodal logic methodology. We first discuss the main contributions from the expressiveness point of view, we give semantics for the language both for classical and intuitionistic fragment), we then prove that in order to express well-known properties like ‘speaks-for’ or ‘hand-off’, defined in terms of says, we do not need second-order logic (unlike previous approaches) but a decidable fragment of first-order logic suffices. We propose a model-driven study of the says axiomatization by constraining the Kripke models in order to respect desirable security properties, we study how existing access control logics can be translated into FSL and we give completeness for the logic.     

The Use of Lexical Prosody for Lexical Access of the Japanese Language

It has been suggested that English listeners do not use lexical prosody for lexical access in word recognition. The present study was designed to examine whether this argument could be generalized to the Japanese language. Two experiments using a cross-modal priming task were conducted. The participants made a lexical decision regarding a visual target following an auditory prime that was either the prosodically congruent or incongruent homophone of the target. In experiment 1, the primes were presented as complete words, and in experiment 2, they were presented as word fragments. In both experiments, the priming effects were observed only in the congruent condition. These results suggest that the prime activated only the representations of prosodically congruent words. We therefore concluded that Japanese listeners use lexical prosody for lexical access of their language and that the role of lexical prosody is determined language-specifically.     

Effects of Phonetic Training on the Discrimination of Second Language Sounds by Learners with Naturalistic Access to the Second Language

Journal of Psycholinguistic Research - The present study investigates the effect of high variability phonetic training (HVPT) on the discrimination of second language (L2) vowel contrasts...     

A Delineation of Schizophrenic Language and Thought in a Test of Imagination

The preferences between father and television and between mother and television for the children of Mexican-American migrant farm laborers (N = 164) between the ages of three and 21 were measured by using a series of questions involving two alternatives in a structured interview situation. Both parents were found to be significantly (p < .01) preferred over television by their children. However, groups of children were shown to differ in their preferences for parents versus television as a function of age.     

Perceived Attachment Security to Father, Academic Self-Concept and School Performance in Language Mastery

This study examined the relations between 8–12-year-olds’ perceived attachment security to father, academic self-concept and school performance in language mastery. One hundred and twenty two French students’ perceptions of attachment to mother and to father were explored with the Security Scale and their academic self-concept was assessed with the French adaptation of the Self Perception Profile. Students’ grade point average in language mastery was obtained from teachers and their reading performances were evaluated with a written word identification test. Attachment to father was found to be the only significant predictor, among attachment variables, of children’s grade point average in language mastery even after controling for sex, age and cognitive performance. Finally, results confirmed the mediating role of academic self-concept in the relation between attachment to father and grade point average in language mastery.     

Competence in Language at 24 Months: Relations with Attachment Security and Home Stimulation

This study explored the interrelations among attachment, home stimulation, and language development in 58 toddlers (36 medically high risk and 22 low risk) at 24 months of age. The results indicated that there were additive effects of attachment and home stimulation on language competence, especially on receptive abilities. Mothers who had established secure relationships and provided stimulating home environments had children with the highest language scores.     

Language in a congenitally acallosal brain

A case of complete callosal agenesis shows two limitations of cognitive development. The first, a discrete loss of syntactic-pragmatic function within the language domain, may or may not be associated with anomalous cerebral lateralization of speech and language; its neural basis is unknown. The second deficit, an inability to identify free-field or dichotic speech sounds with overlapping temporal-acoustic properties, appears due to a nonlinguistic limitation of the acallosal brain, the inability to suppress ipsilateral information.     

语言耗损研究述评

本文概述语言耗损研究的历史与现状,包括语言耗损研究的主要内容和意义,以及目前存在的若干问题和难点。作者强调指出,语言耗损乃语言习得的伴生产物,关系极其密切．研究习得决不能忽视研究耗损。此外,由于环境因素对语言耗损有重要影响以及非同源语言对语言习得具有负面作用,研究汉语语言环境下外语耗损对中国的外语教学具有特殊的重要意义。     

Modes of Introspective Access: a Pluralist Approach

Philosophia - Several contemporary philosophical theories of introspection have been offered, yet each faces a number of difficulties in providing an explanation of the exact nature of...     

Language and Literacy in a Developmental Perspective

Snow et al. have provided an unusually comprehensive, even-handed, and thoughtful review of research on early reading development. Here we expand on an important theme—the value of a developmental and transactional perspective. Using results from studies of verbally precocious children and children with language impairments, we illustrate the qualitatively changing nature of the task of learning to read, and its connection to oral language development. We also discuss the bidirectional influence of adults and children on each other. This perspective has implications for what, when, and how to teach reading.     

Language as a Family-Resemblance Concept in Wittgenstein

Philosophia - The article begins by considering Wittgenstein’s notion of family-resemblance concepts. The article purports to defend that there is something wrong with the idea that language...     

Effects of Pinyin and First Language Words in Learning of Chinese Characters as a Second Language

This study examined the roles of pinyin and English words as stimulus prompts in the learning of Chinese characters. Recall for naming of English words and pronunciation was enhanced under conditions in which each character was presented first and its prompts were given as feedback, in contrast to simultaneous presentation conditions. Pronunciation was also recalled more in the written pinyin conditions than the verbal pronunciation conditions. These data were interpreted in terms of (a) interference which can occur when learners attend to multiple inputs simultaneously, and (b) the beneficial effects of attending to character prior to their prompts. It was concluded that the presentation of a character first and the provision of its associated prompts as a feedback improves learning.     

制度与实践:失业人员社会保障问题研究

本报告以沈阳和长春两市的经验研究为基础,从制度与实践关系的角度探讨失业社会保障问题。本报告认为,在试点工作中,两市失业社会保障制度改革推进的速度是很快的,但从目前的情况看,无论是在制度设计还是在制度实施上仍然存在许多迫切需要解决的问题。在对失业者社会保障需求的复杂性、异质性、动态性特征进行了系统分析的基础上,提出下列政策建议:实施“面向下一代”的发展战略,将就业机会更多地提供给青年一代,对4050人员主要用相关社会保障措施来保证其基本需求的满足;对失业者的社会保障做出特殊安排,实行低缴费、低保障的社会保障模式;依据不同目标人群有差异的需求,突出专项社会救助和养老保障。从制度和目标人群行为两个层面上入手,扩大失业社会保障的覆盖面,解决制度排斥的问题;加强制度与目标人群之间的互动关系,在政策制定和实施过程中深入听取保障对象的意见,了解其具体需求,使制度与目标人群的需求更为贴近。     

A Perspective on the Neurobiology of Language

This paper provides a perspective on current issues and challenges in the investigation of the neurobiology of language. It is proposed that the speech/language deficits of aphasic patients reflect impairments in the processing components involved in accessing language. More specifically, it is hypothesized that many of these deficits result from changes in the activation level of word candidates in the lexicon. Because word recognition and lexical access processes are crucially involved in virtually all aspects of language processing, such an impairment has repercussions throughout the components of the linguistic grammar. It is suggested that the intersection of such language behaviors with the identification of underlying neural systems will define future research directions. Methodological and technological issues are discussed as they impact on current and future research.     

A Dual Aspect Account of Moral Language

It is often observed in metaethics that moral language displays a certain duality in as much as it seems to concern both objective facts in the world and subjective attitudes that move to action. In this paper, I defend The Dual Aspect Account which is intended to capture this duality: A person’s utterance of a sentence according to which φing has a moral characteristic, such as “φing is wrong,” conveys two things: The sentence expresses, in virtue of its conventional meaning, the belief that φing has a moral property, and the utterance of the sentence carries a generalized conversational implicature to the effect that the person in question has an action‐guiding attitude in relation to φing. This account has significant advantages over competing views: ( i ) As it is purely cognitivist, it does not have the difficulties of expressivism and various ecumenical positions. ( ii ) Yet, in spite of this, it can explain the close, “meaning‐like,” connection between moral language and attitudes. ( iii ) In contrast to other pragmatic accounts, it is compatible with any relevant cognitivist view. ( iv ) It does not rest on a contentious pragmatic notion, such as conventional implicature. ( v ) It does not imply that utterances of complex moral sentences, such as conditionals, convey attitudes. In addition, the generalized implicature in question is fully calculable and cancellable.     

Language development in a child with left hemispherectomy

A longitudinal study of a left hemispherectomized boy (AB) was conducted to document linguistic evolution and maturation and determine the extent to which right hemisphere processes allow development of language. Resection of the left hemisphere occurred at age 5 years 6 months, following intractable epilepsy. Tests of language comprehension (pointing, understanding of prepositions, understanding of narratives) and production (naming, repetition, lexical diversity, grammatical production) were administered at ages 6:2, 6:4, 6:6, and 6 years 9 months. Observations showed little progress, if any, in most aspects of linguistic performance. In contrast to studies with left-hemispherectomized children, AB showed only a modest expansion of the semantic lexicon and the phonological repertoire more than a year after the surgical intervention. These observations indirectly suggest (1) poor functional involvement of the right hemisphere in the development of adequate linguistic abilities, (2) the necessary integrity of the LH for adequate development of language, or (3) that variations in individual brain maturation rates may account for AB's linguistic progress.