Rethinking Thomas Hobbes on the Passions

There is widespread scholarly disagreement whether Hobbesian passions are or involve a type of cognition (i.e., imagination). This largely overlooked disagreement has implications for our understanding of Hobbesian deliberation. If passions are intrinsically cognitive, then, because Hobbesian deliberation is a series of alternating passions, deliberation would appear to be intrinsically cognitive as well. In this paper, I bring to light this overlooked disagreement and argue for a non-cognitive reading of Hobbesian passions, according to which, a passion is an appetite or aversion caused by, but distinct from, an imagination of a future good or harm.     

Pyrrhonism in the Political Philosophy of Thomas Hobbes

The importance of Pyrrhonism to Hobbes's political philosophy is much greater than has been recognized. He seems to have used Pyrrhonist arguments to support a doctrine of moral relativity, but he was not a sceptic in the Pyrrhonist sense. These arguments helped him to develop his teaching that there is no absolute good or evil; to minimise the purchase of natural law in the state of nature and its restrictions on the right of nature; virtually to collapse natural law into civil law; and to make the sovereign the political, moral and theological epicenter of his political system.     

从恐惧到羞耻:霍布斯和埃利亚斯的情感思想及其内在关联

霍布斯论证了从相互恐惧和死亡恐惧的自然状态如何进入到以主权者的至高威慑力为基础的现代政治社会。受到霍布斯影响的埃利亚斯,虽然同样强调恐惧和国家的作用,但却以不同于自然法的过程社会学,论述了欧洲文明的进程,尤其是从中世纪的相互恐惧、对君主的恐惧到文明人的自我羞耻这一心理生成过程。他们之间的思想关联表明,现代人的核心感受从此前的外在恐惧转变为内在恐惧或自我羞耻,从"所有人对所有人的战争"转变为"自我内心的冲突"或"自我对自我的斗争",这将促使我们重新反思现代国家的形成和现代社会的建构。     

Post-Second World War praise poetry,lament and a Utopian treatise in Morocco: historical literature on the theme of the Second World War

This paper reviews ten historical-literary Judeo-Arabic and Hebrew works written late in the Second World War in Morocco: eight works I refer to as praise poems, by Moroccan Jews; one work I refer to as lament, written by a Jewish European refugee who found a safe wartime haven in Morocco, and another work, which I refer to as a utopian treatise, by a local Jewish man. All ten works were inspired by the war and recount its course in Europe, Asia and North Africa, while some also engage with the Holocaust. The comparison drawn here between the works – praise poetry, lament and utopian treatise – allows us to examine the authors’ various outlooks on the war, informed by their personal, familial or communal experience. These outlooks assume an actual form in the literary patterns of the authors’ works, as well as in the narratives, contents and ideas selected to feature in them. The reception varied among the Judeo-Arabic and Hebrew speaking community, in which a Jewish religious and modern national presence was predominant. Therefore, contents that had a universal concern were pushed to the margins of the local discourse.     

Polish historians and Marxism after World War II

Born 20 September 1928, professor at the Adam Mickiewicz University at Poznan, member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. His speciality is European History of the early modern period, methodology and theory of history, and history of historical and political thought. He is the author of numerous books of which the most recent is Freedom and Coercion in the Creation of History (in Polish) 1990.     

加拿大与第二次世界大战

加拿大虽然在战前推行绥靖主义政策,但在二战中直接派军作战,在军事上取得许多重大战果.加拿大生产大量的武器和其他军需品,为盟军提供重要的后勤支持;作为盟军的大后方和训练基地,加拿大为战争提供急需的人力资源.在外交方面为盟国间的合作创造条件,它积极参与战后重建和维护和平的工作.它基于其与欧洲在传统上和现实上的纽带,将其战略重点放在欧洲,在对二战作出贡献的同时又受到其重大的影响.     

On the Unavoidability of Actions: Quentin Skinner,Thomas Hobbes,and the Modern Doctrine of Negative Liberty

During the past few decades, Quentin Skinner has been one of the most prominent critics of the ideas about negative liberty that have developed out of the writings of Isaiah Berlin. Among Skinner?s principal charges against the contemporary doctrine of negative liberty is the claim that the proponents of that doctrine have overlooked the putative fact that people can be made unfree to refrain from undertaking particular actions. In connection with this matter, Skinner contrasts the present-day theories with the prototypical liberal account of negative freedom propounded by Thomas Hobbes. The present essay challenges Skinner?s position both philosophically and exegetically. Because an agent can always elect to cease his activity as an agent, the ostensible inescapability of certain actions is not the same as the outright inescapability of certain instances of inaction. Once this point is properly recognized, the way is clear for a re-evaluation of Hobbes (and of Skinner on Hobbes).     

War in Christ's World: Bonhoeffer and Just Peacemaking on War and Christology

Abstract : In this paper, I apply Dietrich Bonhoeffer's exposition of the nature of war as found in his unfinished magnum opus, Ethics, to the contemporary peacemaking movement known as “just peacemaking.” Using Bonhoeffer, I argue that the just‐peacemaking approach accomplishes tactical peace, but only by undermining its stated purposes of bringing theology to bear on war. By assuming theological reasoning as secondary to historical conditions, just peacemaking has, by Bonhoeffer's logic, already abandoned the world to itself and severed it from theological resources.     

Psychoanalysis in the Netherlands during World War II

To understand what happened in the psychoanalytic world in Holland during the German occupation (1940-1945) we must have knowledge of the conflicts within the Dutch Society of Psychoanalysis in the nineteen-thirties. Those conflicts mainly deal with the subject of lay analysis, the compulsory training analysis and in general if compliance with foreign, with IPA rules was advisable. These differences of opinion reached their peak when four Jewish psychoanalysts arrived from Germany in 1933. The Dutch Society broke up in two parts, but was reunited in 1938. During the German occupation the training was finally regulated according to the IPA rules. This lead to a new splitting in the world of Dutch psychoanalysis that has not been healed to date.