数字的空间特性

当要求被试对数字进行奇偶判断时,左手对小数的反应较快,而右手对大数的反应较快,该现象被称为空间数字反应编码联合效应（SNARC效应）。大量研究证实了SNARC效应的存在,该效应表明人类对数字的加工受空间表征和空间注意的影响。该文系统地回顾了SNARC效应存在及其发生阶段的证据,对比了Simon效应与SNARC效应,最后尝试着从空间注意的角度挖掘数字和空间的本质联     

任务转换对SNARC效应的抑制

采用任务转换范式,要求被试判断呈现数字的大小或奇偶性,考察了任务转换对SNARC效应的影响。结果发现:任务重复组被试对小数字用左手反应更快,对大数字用右手反应更快,任务重复组被试在数字认知加工中出现了经典的SNARC效应。相反,任务转换组被试在数字认知加工中未出现SNARC效应。由此可以推测,任务转换对SNARC效应具有抑制作用。     

不同类型材料混合呈现对SNARC效应的影响

采用刺激分类范式,要求被试判断呈现刺激的性质(实验一和实验三)或颜色(实验二),旨在考察随机呈现不同类型刺激材料对数字和字母SNARC效应的影响以及不同类型刺激材料加工中是否存在刺激—反应相容性效应。结果发现:(1)数字和字母性质和颜色分类任务中均未出现数字SNARC效应和字母SNARC效应。(2)数字和字母的性质和颜色分类任务中,左手对字母的反应更快,右手对数字的反应更快。数字和汉字性质分类时,左手对汉字反应更快,右手对数字反应更快,不同类型刺激分类时出现刺激—反应相客性效应。(3)本研究发现不同类型刺激分类加工中存在刺激—反应相容性效应,这种效应可以被自动激活,并具有一定的普遍性。不同类型刺激分类中的刺激—反应相容性效应对SNARC效应具有抑制作用。     

身体形式和社会环境对SNARC效应的影响:基于具身认知观的理解

目前SNARC效应在认知心理学领域得到了广泛研究,然而较少有研究考察身体形式和社会环境对SNARC效应的影响.研究以127名在校大学生为被试,使用奇偶判断任务、Go/No-go任务以及合作情境下的Go/No-go任务依次展开了三个研究,拟揭示身体形式和社会环境对SNARC效应的影响.实验一要求被试双手完成奇偶判断任务,结果出现了经典的SNARC效应.实验二要求被试完成Go/No-go任务,并让被试单手(左手或右手)对奇数或偶数进行反应,结果SNARC效应没有出现,这表明认知主体的身体形式对SNARC效应产生了影响.实验三要求被试合作完成Go/No-go任务,该实验按照被试所坐的位置(左边和右边)和反应手(左手和右手),设计了四个条件,结果只有身体位置和反应手完全一致时出现了 SNARC 效应.以上结果一方面表明了具身认知观的合理性,另外一方面扩展了以往对SNARC效应本质的理解.     

SNARC效应: 现状、理论与建议

SNARC效应是当对数字进行奇偶判断时,即使数的奇偶性与数的大小无关,但右手（左手）对相对大（小）的数的反应快。首先介绍SNARC效应的起源和理论解释,然后总结SNARC效应的特性,论述SNARC效应和Simon效应以及MARC 效应的关系,并对SNARC效应的脑机制进行了概述,最后提出3个有待深入研究的问题：（1）SNARC效应的加工处理机制;（2）SANRC效应的理论探索;（3）SNARC效应的本质。     

视觉和言语空间信息共同作用下SNARC效应的空间参照特点

已有研究显示,SNARC效应存在多个灵活的空间参照系统,可在不同的实验条件下激活。心理数字线理论对于SNARC效应空间编码的理解仅局限于物理空间层面,并不能很好地甄别SNARC效应空间参照系统的激活条件。研究以视觉空间和言语空间双编码理论为基础,考查在视觉空间信息与言语空间信息共同作用下,单手（左手或右手）与双手反应下SNARC效应的空间参照特点。结果显示,在视觉空间信息与言语空间信息共同作用下,左手、右手和双手反应下均出现了典型SNARC效应,且左手、右手和双手反应下的数字空间映射模式相似。研究结果证实,在视觉-空间与言语空间信息共同作用下仅激活SNARC效应多个灵活的空间参照系统中的身体中心为基础的参照系统,说明言语空间信息的参与有助于激活该效应中身体中心为基础的空间参照系统。     

言语与空间任务指令对数字-空间联结编码的影响

以1～9除5外的阿拉伯数字和汉字标签“左”“右”为实验材料,采用数字奇偶判断任务,探讨任务指令对数字-空间联结编码的影响。结果发现：言语任务指令条件下,词语一致性与物理一致性的交互作用显著,且词语一致和不一致时均未发现空间-数字联合反应编码效应（SNARC）,表明言语-空间编码在数字-空间联结中更有优势;空间任务指令条件下,物理一致性主效应显著,且词语一致和不一致时均出现了SNARC效应,表明视觉空间编码更有优势。说明数字-空间联结编码受实验任务指令的影响,被试会根据任务指令设置的情景选择视觉空间编码或言语-空间编码对数字进行空间联结。     

亮度对空间-数字反应编码联合效应的影响

本研究探讨亮度对空间-数字反应编码联合效应（Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes,简称SNARC效应）的影响及其机制。通过三个实验设计不同的亮度对比水平,要求被试对阿拉伯数字1~9（5除外）进行奇偶判断。实验一将数字亮度设为最高值255时,结果出现了数字的SNARC效应。实验二将数字的亮度值分别设为255和213时,结果仍存在SNARC效应。实验三将亮度值分别设置为213和42时,数字的SNARC效应却消失了。这些结果表明亮度会激活或抑制数字的空间表征,可能与亮度对比值的高低及所消耗认知资源的多少有关。     

Simon效应对空间-数字反应编码联合效应的抑制作用

采用Simon效应研究范式,以阿拉伯数字为实验材料,三个实验分别要求被试判断呈现数字的空间位置、颜色和大小,系统考察Simon效应、空间-数字反应编码联合效应的加工特点以及两者之间的关系。结果发现:(1)三个实验中,不管采用何种判断标准,被试总是对左侧的数字按左键反应更快,对右侧的数字按右键反应更快,数字加工中出现Simon效应;而对不同大小的数字按左键和按右键的反应时差异均不显著,数字加工中均未出现SNARC效应。(2)Simon效应和SNARC效应不同质,两者的加工机制也互不相同,而且Simon效应对SNARC效应具有抑制作用。(3)Simon效应与SNARC效应相比,Simon效应相对更稳固,SNARC效应则相对更灵活,易受知觉信息变化的影响。     

内源性注意与外源性注意对数字加工的不同影响

分别采用内源性注意和外源性注意实验范式,材料为小数（1－4）和大数（6－9）的中文与阿拉伯数字,任务为判断数字是否大于5,考察在注意与非注意条件下不同大小数字加工的距离效应和符号效应。结果发现：⑴在内源性线索和外源性线索的注意条件下,大小数都出现了距离效应;但在非注意条件下,内源性线索时的大小数都出现了距离效应,而外源性线索时只有小数出现了距离效应,大数的距离效应明显减弱或消失。⑵在内源性线索和外源性线索的注意条件下,大小数都没有出现符号效应;但在非注意条件下,大数没有出现符号效应,而小数出现了符号效应（阿拉伯数字的绩效比中文数字差）,并且内源性线索时的符号效应强度小于外源性线索。     

The SNARC effect: an instance of the Simon effect?

Our aim was to investigate the relations between the Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) effect and the Simon effect. In Experiment 1 participants were required to make a parity judgment to numbers from 1 to 9 (without 5), by pressing a left or a right key. The numbers were presented to either the left or right side of fixation. Results showed the Simon effect (left-side stimuli were responded to faster with the left hand than with the right hand whereas right-side stimuli were responded to faster with the right hand), and the SNARC effect (smaller numbers were responded to faster with the left hand than with the right hand, whereas larger numbers were responded to faster with the right hand). No interaction was found between the Simon and SNARC effects, suggesting that they combine additively. In Experiment 2 the temporal distance between formation of the task-relevant non-spatial stimulus code and the task-irrelevant stimulus spatial code was increased. As in Experiment 1, results showed the presence of the Simon and SNARC effects but no interaction between them. Moreover, we found a regular Simon effect for faster RTs, and a reversed Simon effect for longer RTs. In contrast, the SNARC effect did not vary as a function of RT. Taken together, the results of the two experiments show that the SNARC effect does not simply constitute a variant of the Simon effect. This is considered to be evidence that number representation and space representation rest on different neural (likely parietal) circuits.     

符号数量和非符号数量的空间表征:5岁儿童的SNARC效应和距离效应

对物理刺激的数量信息表征是符号数字表征的前提和基础,据此假设在儿童的SNARC效应发生的时序问题上,非符号数量(如面积)的空间表征早于符号数量(如阿拉伯数字)的空间表征。本研究邀请5岁幼儿完成数字比较和面积比较两类任务,结果发现在数字比较任务中没有出现SNARC效应,但却存在距离效应;在面积比较任务中出现了SNARC效应和距离效应。可以推断,在阿拉伯数字的空间表征出现之前,儿童已经能够对非符号数量信息进行空间表征。     

正负数混合呈现对负数SNARC效应的影响

采用数字大小判断任务,探讨正负数混合呈现对负数SNARC效应的影响。结果发现,负数单独呈现条件下,负数出现反转的SNARC效应;负数和无加号正数混合呈现,且只对负数作反应条件下,负数有反转SNARC效应;负数和有加号正数混合呈现,且只对负数作反应条件下,负数出现反转SNARC效应;负数和无加号正数混合呈现,并对正负数分别作反应的条件下,负数有反转SNARC效应出现,而正数出现SNARC效应。说明负数空间表征受其绝对值大小的影响,绝对值较小的负数(-1、-2)表征在心理数字线的左侧,绝对值较大的负数(-8、-9)表征在数字线的右侧,且不能延伸至心理数字线左侧。     

正负数混合呈现对负数SNARC效应的影响

采用数字大小判断任务,探讨正负数混合呈现对负数SNARC效应的影响。结果发现,负数单独呈现条件下,负数出现反转的SNARC效应;负数和无加号正数混合呈现,且只对负数作反应条件下,负数有反转SNARC效应;负数和有加号正数混合呈现,且只对负数作反应条件下,负数出现反转SNARC效应;负数和无加号正数混合呈现,并对正负数分别作反应的条件下,负数有反转SNARC效应出现,而正数出现SNARC效应。说明负数空间表征受其绝对值大小的影响,绝对值较小的负数(-1、-2)表征在心理数字线的左侧,绝对值较大的负数(-8、-9)表征在数字线的右侧,且不能延伸至心理数字线左侧。     

Spatial representation of magnitude in humans (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Homo sapiens</Emphasis>), Western lowland gorillas (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gorilla gorilla gorilla</Emphasis>), and American black bears (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ursus americanus</Emphasis>)

The spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect is the tendency for humans to respond faster to relatively larger numbers on the left or right (or with the left or right hand) and faster to relatively smaller numbers on the other side. This effect seems to occur due to a spatial representation of magnitude either in occurrence with a number line (wherein participants respond to relatively larger numbers faster on the right), other representations such as clock faces (responses are reversed from number lines), or culturally specific reading directions, begging the question as to whether the effect may be limited to humans. Given that a SNARC effect has emerged via a quantity judgement task in Western lowland gorillas and orangutans (Gazes et al., Cog 168:312–319, 2017), we examined patterns of response on a quantity discrimination task in American black bears, Western lowland gorillas, and humans for evidence of a SNARC effect. We found limited evidence for SNARC effect in American black bears and Western lowland gorillas. Furthermore, humans were inconsistent in direction and strength of effects, emphasizing the importance of standardizing methodology and analyses when comparing SNARC effects between species. These data reveal the importance of collecting data with humans in analogous procedures when testing nonhumans for effects assumed to bepresent in humans.     

Spatial structure of quantitative representation of numbers: Evidence from the SNARC effect

Dehaene, Bossini, and Giraux (1993) revealed that subjects responded to large numbers faster with the choice on the right than with the choice on the left, whereas the reverse held true for small numbers (SNARC effect). According to Dehaene et al. (1993), the SNARC effect depends on the quantitative representation of number, such as a left-to-right-oriented analog number line. The main goal of the present study was twofold: first, to investigate whether the vertical SNARC effect could be observed, and, second, to verify whether Dehaene et al.'s (1993) explanation of the SNARC effect is correct. Experiments 2A and 2B showed the vertical SNARC effect in a parity judgment task. Subjects responded to large numbers faster with the top choice than with the bottom choice, whereas the reverse held true for small numbers. However, Experiment 3 failed to show the SNARC effect in a number magnitude judgment task, suggesting that the quantitative representation could be dissociated from the spatial code that produces the SNARC effect.     

刺激模拟量的空间表征:面积和亮度的类SNARC效应

在数字比较任务中的SNARC效应表明心理数字线具有空间上从左到右的方向性。本研究在两个实验中分别用面积和亮度作为比较刺激来探讨SNARC效应是否存在于面积比较任务和亮度比较任务中。实验结果显示,面积比较和亮度比较任务中存在类SNARC效应。     

The SNARC effect in the processing of second-language number words: Further evidence for strong lexico-semantic connections

We present new evidence that word translation involves semantic mediation. It has been shown that participants react faster to small numbers with their left hand and to large numbers with their right hand. This SNARC (spatial-numerical association of response codes) effect is due to the fact that in Western cultures the semantic number line is oriented from left (small) to right (large). We obtained a SNARC effect when participants had to indicate the parity of second-language (L2) number words, but not when they had to indicate whether L2 number words contained a particular sound. Crucially, the SNARC effect was also obtained in a translation verification task, indicating that this task involved the activation of number magnitude.