大学生气质类型、父母教养方式与孤独感的关系研究

采用量表法以349名大学生为被试研究了气质类型、父母教养方式和孤独感的关系.(1)差异检验表明:女性大学生的亲情孤独感、总体孤独感多于男生,且气质类型上更情绪化;城市大学生的社会性得分显著高于来自乡村大学生;在爱情孤独和总体孤独感上存在显著的专业差异,理工类大学生体验到更多的孤独感尤其是爱情孤独感.(2)相关分析表明:大学生孤独感的各个维度与其气质类型中的社会性以及父母教养方式中的大多因素显著相关.(3)回归分析进一步表明:母亲情感温暖对总体孤独感有显著预测作用;母亲情感温暖、父亲严惩、母亲干涉保护对亲情孤独感因子有显著预测作用;社会性、父亲严惩对爱情孤独感因子有显著预测作用;母亲情感温暖、母亲干涉保护、父亲干涉对社交孤独感因子有显著预测作用.     

大学生孤独感及其与自尊、社会技能的关系

目的探讨大学生孤独感的现状及其与自尊、社会技能的关系。方法采用UCLA孤独量表、自尊量表和社会技能量表对350名大学生进行调查。结果大学生孤独感的性别差异不显著;大学生孤独感与自尊呈显著负相关;社会技能的社会敏感性与孤独感及自尊间存在显著相关;社会技能的社会敏感性对大学生孤独感具有显著预测效应,在控制社会技能的预测作用后,自尊对孤独感的预测作用仍然显著,但自尊在社会技能的社会敏感性与孤独感之间并不起中介作用。结论社会技能、自尊可以有效预测大学生的孤独感。     

大学生孤独感研究

本研究采用Russell等编制的UCLA孤独问卷(第三版)对350名在校大学生进行问卷调查,然后对结果进行t检验和单因素方差分析,以了解大学生孤独感现状,并对4名学生进行半结构访谈,剖析孤独感的深层原因。结果显示:大学生孤独感在专业维度上有显著性差异,在性别、城乡、是否为学生干部和是否为毕业生方面无统计学差异。研究发现大学生孤独感的深层原因主要是人际、发展性和情感方面。     

大学生孤独感与网络成瘾倾向关系的研究

本研究使用大学生孤独感量表和网络成瘾量表对311名大学生进行问卷调查,探讨大学生孤独感与网络成瘾倾向之间的关系。结果发现,网络成瘾倾向者比非网络成瘾倾向者更容易形成孤独感,大学生的孤独感各因子与网络成瘾倾向各因子之间存在不同程度相关,并且前者对后者具有有效的预测作用。     

大学生孤独感结构特点的初步研究

采用自编的大学生孤独感结构问卷,对大学生孤独感结构的特点进行了初步研究,结果表明：大学生孤独感与其自我同一性发展有关系;大学生在孤独感结构问卷的各维度和总分上的得分存在性别、生源、学科门类、学历层次、年级、学校性质等人口学变量上的差异,但差异的表现是复杂多样的;大学生孤独感并不总是消极的,更多的大学生认为适度的孤独感可以为其提供动力,因而也具有积极意义。     

大学生依恋类型与孤独感的相关研究

目的:了解大学生孤独感现状及其依恋方式与孤独感的关系;方法:采用修订后的成人依恋自陈量表与孤独感(UCLA)量表,对300名在校大学生调查研究,用SPSS17.0进行统计分析;结果:大学生偏中高孤独水平占72.3%,依恋类型与孤独感呈显著相关。结论:大学生多以惧怕型依恋为主,依恋类型和孤独感密切相关。     

职场孤独感的形成原因与作用机理：基于调节匹配理论视角

随着组织广泛的信息技术运用、工作强度增加,员工之间面对面的、真诚的社交开始呈下降趋势。职场孤独感成了困扰员工的普遍问题,引起了企业管理实践界高度重视。通过综述已有文献,本文指出过往研究虽揭示了职场孤独感带来的消极影响效应并有效提高了组织对职场孤独问题的关注度,但尚未系统回答“如何预防与应对职场孤独感”。为了引导员工对职场孤独感的科学应对,本文认为有必要将员工视为能动的主角而非被动的承受者,并探讨职场孤独感与员工应对行为的关系,为如何应对职场孤独感提供建设性对策。 除此之外,为了更好地预防与遏制职场孤独感,有必要系统性地探讨职场孤独感的形成原因。综合过往研究,本文发现职场孤独感区别于其他消极情绪的核心在于：职场孤独感源自于高质量职场人际关系的缺失。与此观点对应的是,Wright和Silard （2021）认为当员工实际的职场人际关系未达到预期水平,员工会认为职场人际关系存在缺陷,产生孤独的体验。Wright和Silard （2021）的观点反映了职场孤独感是一种员工未实现期望社交目标而导致的心理体验。循此逻辑,本文采用与目标实现过程相关的调节匹配理论来解释职场孤独感的产生原因和影响机制,为预防和应对职场孤独感提供对策。以调节匹配理论为框架,本项目拟解决三个问题：（1）领导与下属的调节焦点（不）匹配如何通过影响领导成员交换,进而影响职场孤独感;（2）员工与团队的调节焦点（不）匹配如何通过影响团队成员交换,进而影响职场孤独感;（3）员工如何依据不同的团队调节氛围来选择社交应对策略,以及社交应对策略对员工绩效的影响。通过新颖的多项式回归分析与曲面响应分析方法,本文力求重构传统的职场孤独感的研究思路,为职场孤独感的产生机制提供新的研究视角。除此之外,本文首次将调节匹配理论引入职场孤独感的研究,系统性地分析了职场孤独感的产生和应对,呈现了职场孤独感现象在组织中的动态演化的过程与机制。     

孤独感对人际目标追求的影响：目标实现可能性的作用

采用两个研究和内部元分析考察了孤独感对人际目标追求的影响以及目标实现可能性的作用。研究1采用问卷测量人际目标实现可能性以及特定一天中的孤独感和人际目标投入,发现孤独感与人际目标投入呈负相关,目标实现可能性调节了二者间的关系;研究2操纵人际联结体验,发现孤独组投入意愿最低,策略数更多,策略字数最少,目标实现可能性调节了人际联结体验和投入意愿的关系。研究表明,孤独感会降低人际目标投入,目标实现可能性调节了二者间的关系;孤独者不是缺乏人际投入策略,而是不愿意投入人际目标。     

老年人社会支持、孤独感与主观幸福感的关系

选取天津市379名老年人,采用"纽芬兰纪念大学幸福感量表"、"社会支持最表"和"情绪一社会孤独问卷"进行调查,以探讨老年人社会支持、孤独感与主观幸福感的关系.结果表明,不同工作状况的老年人在社会支持、孤独感及主观幸福感上均呈显著差异;不同社会支持水平老年人的孤独感、主观幸福感具有显著差异;老年人社会支持,孤独感与主观幸福感各维度间相关显著.     

大学生手机成瘾与孤独感和自我和谐的关系

立足于探讨大学生的手机成瘾与孤独感和自我和谐之间的关系,探索了并验证了自我和谐在手机成瘾和孤独感的中介作用,为对手机成瘾大学生进行有效的心理干预提供了研究性的支持。采用手机成瘾问卷、UCLA孤独量表和自我和谐问卷,通过相关分析和路径分析,得出结论：手机成瘾与孤独程度呈正相关;自我和谐程度与手机成瘾呈负相关;自我和谐程度直接影响手机成瘾。     

Changes in loneliness and coping strategies during COVID-19

The social distancing measures implemented to slow the spread of COVID-19 impacted many aspects of people's lives. Previous research has reported negative consequences of these measures for people's psychological well-being, and that people differed in the impact on their psychological well-being. The present study aimed to describe the different coping strategies Dutch people used to deal with these measures and to link these strategies to loneliness. In addition, the study aimed to examine mean-level changes in loneliness and to explore individual differences in loneliness change. We used data from 2009 participants of a panel study of representative Dutch households. We assessed coping strategies used during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020 and examined changes in loneliness between October 2019 (before COVID-19) and May 2020 (during the first wave of COVID-19). First, results showed that most people employed specific coping strategies. The most frequently used social strategies were chatting and (video)calling; the most frequently used non-social strategies were going outside, doing chores, watching TV, reading and self-care. Second, people who used more coping strategies reported lower levels of loneliness. Third, analyses revealed an average increase in loneliness between October 2019 and May 2020. Fourth, we observed two significant interaction effects, showing a stronger positive link between the number of social coping strategies and initial loneliness levels among those with a partner or living with others than for those who were single or lived alone. Yet, no moderating effects on changes in loneliness were found: people using more coping strategies did not differ in loneliness changes from people using fewer coping strategies. Together, findings suggest that loneliness increased in the Netherlands during the first phase of COVID-19 and that, while people's coping strategies were related to loneliness levels, they did not buffer against loneliness increases.     

A systematic literature review on the association between loneliness and coping strategies

Loneliness is an emerging and important public health concern associated with increased risk for health disorders and even mortality. Interventions targeting coping strategies might be effective in alleviating feelings of loneliness. However, the relationship between loneliness and coping strategies is not well understood. We systematically reviewed quantitative studies addressing the association between loneliness and coping. Studies were included if loneliness and coping styles were measured with a validated scale and the association between both was assessed quantitatively. We searched Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL databases in compliance with the predefined in- and exclusion criteria. Two independent reviewers performed the search, quality appraisal, and data extraction. Coping styles were subdivided according to problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies. We included twelve studies that measured the association between loneliness and coping. Half of the studies had low risk of bias (n = 6), in the remaining six the risk of bias was moderate (n = 1) or high (n = 5). All studies that showed a significant association between loneliness and coping consistently showed that problem-focused coping styles were associated with lower levels of loneliness, and emotion-focused coping styles with higher levels of loneliness. Our findings suggest that learning how to use problem-focused coping strategies could be an important aspect of interventions targeting loneliness. This should be further explored in randomized clinical trials. Trials should report changes is coping and changes in loneliness and also include multivariate models that investigate if changes in coping contributed to changes in loneliness. Furthermore, further research should explore the role of different subgroups (e.g. older people), and the role of different types of loneliness as these can affect the effectiveness of loneliness interventions.     

Strategies of Coping with Loneliness throughout the Lifespan

There is a great diversity in the available strategies for coping with loneliness. The present study examined the influence of age and gender on coping with loneliness. Seven hundred and eleven participants from all walks of life volunteered to answer an 86 item yes/no questionnaire, reflecting on the beneficial coping strategies, which they have used to deal with the pain of loneliness. Four age groups were compared: youth (13–18 years old), young adults (19–30 years old), adults (31–58 years old) and seniors (60–80 years old). Within and between gender comparisons were also done. Results revealed that loneliness is approached and dealt with more effectively by the adult group, and that women appear to cope better than men do with loneliness.     

Strategies of coping with loneliness throughout the lifespan

There is a great diversity in the available strategies for coping with loneliness. The present study examined the influence of age and gender on coping with loneliness. Seven hundred and eleven participants from all walks of life volunteered to answer an 86 item yes/no questionnaire, reflecting on the beneficial coping strategies, which they have used to deal with the pain of loneliness. Four age groups were compared: youth (13–18 years old), young adults (19–30 years old), adults (31–58 years old) and seniors (60–80 years old). Within and between gender comparisons were also done. Results revealed that loneliness is approached and dealt with more effectively by the adult group, and that women appear to cope better than men do with loneliness.     

Surviving and coping with loneliness

Content analysis of 526 verbatim reports of loneliness revealed both helpful and nonhelpful coping strategies. The helpful strategies were grouped into three clusters that represent three distinct phases of the coping process. Eleven factors were subsumed under the three clusters. Four additional factors comprised the cluster of destructive and nonbeneficial coping strategies. The present study highlights the complexity and variety of coping strategies as well as the frequency with which they are used and their utility in helping people to survive loneliness and alienation.     

The relationship between coping style and loneliness in adolescents: can "sad passivity" be adaptive?

The authors' purpose in this paper was to examine how the use of the "sad passive" coping style may be related to adolescent self-reported loneliness. Subjects were asked to complete the revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell, Peplau, & Cutrona, 1980) to determine self-reported loneliness and the Coping with Loneliness Questionnaire (CLQ; Rubenstein & Shaver, 1980) in order to examine coping styles. We hypothesized that those adolescents whose coping strategies fell into the category of sad passivity described by Rubenstein and Shaver would indicate greater loneliness than those adolescents whose coping strategies fell into other categories. Results indicated that sad passivity was used by both lonely and nonlonely adolescents, but that nonlonely youngsters resorted to this method only temporarily and in preparation for a more active coping style. Lonely teens, on the other hand, appeared to remain in the sad-passive mode to a maladaptive degree. These results were discussed in terms of their importance for theories of adolescent loneliness and for possible intervention strategies.     

Playing it cool: Temperament, emotion regulation, and social behavior in preschoolers

The contributions of temperamental styles and emotional coping strategies to the development of preschoolers' social competence and behavior problems were investigated. The ability to cope with emotion was found to be more important than temperament alone in the development of prosocial behavior. Our results indicate that the use of passive coping strategies may play a significant role in the development of maladaptive behaviors in young children. Specifically, the use of passive coping strategies was found to moderate the relationship between temperament dimensions in predicting externalizing and internalizing maladaptive behaviors. When combined with extremely negative temperamental dispositions, just facing the problems was discovered to be beneficial for preschoolers, which encourages the use of preventative or interventional strategies in the classroom to develop constructive emotion regulation skills in young children.     

Coping with loneliness: adolescent online and offline behavior.

This study looked at the similarities between the way adolescents cope with loneliness both online and offline. There were 429 participants, ranging from 14 to 23 years old, who answered a questionnaire posted on the Internet. There was a strong relationship between avoidant coping strategies offline and Entertainment Internet use. In addition, adolescents who considered Communication as the most important use of the Internet also coped with loneliness through Emotion Expression and Social coping. Results suggest that online and offline coping behaviors are strongly related especially if they are avoidant.     

Simple Discrimination Behavior of Young Chimpanzees: Comparisons with Human Aments and Domestic Animals

The authors' purpose in this paper was to examine how the use of the “sad passive” coping style may be related to adolescent self-reported loneliness. Subjects were asked to complete the revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell, Peplau, & Cutrona, 1980) to determine self-reported loneliness and the Coping with Loneliness Questionnaire (CLQ; Rubenstein & Shaver, 1980) in order to examine coping styles. We hypothesized that those adolescents whose coping strategies fell into the category of sad passivity described by Rubenstein and Shaver would indicate greater loneliness than those adolescents whose coping strategies fell into other categories. Results indicated that sad passivity was used by both lonely and nonlonely adolescents, but that nonlonely youngsters resorted to this method only temporarily and in preparation for a more active coping style. Lonely teens, on the other hand, appeared to remain in the sad-passive mode to a maladaptive degree. These results were discussed in terms of their importance for theories of adolescent loneliness and for possible intervention strategies.     

Antecedents of mothers' emotional and cognitive responses to infant distress: The role of family,mother, and infant characteristics

The antecedents of mothers' emotional and cognitive responses to infant distress were examined. Participants were 67 mothers and their infants. Mothers completed questionnaires assessing their experiences in the family of origin and current marital relationships both pre‐ and postnatally and their coping strategies prenatally. Infant temperament was observed at 6 months, and mothers were interviewed about their emotional and cognitive responses to infant distress 2 years later to assess their emotional competencies (i.e., accurate identification of negative emotions, emotion efficacy, emotional responses to infant distress, and emotion goals). A childhood history of emotional rejection was negatively associated with empathy and efficacy and positively associated with negative emotions. The association between childhood history and some emotional competencies was moderated by current marital dysfunction, engaged coping, and positive intervening relationships. Maternal marital styles and coping strategies and infant temperament correlated with emotional competencies. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed from an attachment theory perspective.