普遍价值和必要价值

本文提出几个论点：重要的普遍价值必须是普遍必要价值;以＂关系＂作为分析单位才能够普遍有效地定义什么是普遍价值;验证普遍价值的最佳模式是普遍模仿。     

普遍道德语法述评

普遍道德语法是当前在西方道德心理研究领域出现的一种新的研究框架.它将道德与语言类比,试图用类似于研究语言的概念和模式来描述道德知识的本质与起源,解答人类道德判断的心理机制问题.由于道德与语言不完全相似,普遍道德语法存在不可忽视的缺陷,但仍提供了从不同角度研究道德能力的有效观点.     

怎样看“普世价值”?

The Universal values,or a set of principal values for the entire mankind,are,above all,values.Studies on the issue of value consist one of the most important topics and the most fruitful contributions to the philosophical research in the 20th century.But discussions and arguments on such an issue among Chinese scholars implicates an insufficient and partial understanding of the general intellectual scope,and is still confined to the old way of thinking.This has resulted in a lack of scientificity and constr...     

试论中国共产党执政道德观

胡锦涛同志运用马克思主义的根本观点和分析方法,对执政道德进行了深入研究,在执政的道德指向、执政的道德理念、执政的道德特点、执政的道德基本要求、执政的道德目标等方面提出了许多精辟见解,形成了一系列加强党的执政道德建设的基本原则和系统的理论观点,使马克思主义执政道德理论有了新的发展.     

Response Mode Effects and Moral Values

In five studies, we measured the extent to which subjects weight moral product attributes in different response modes. We found that nonprice judgments such as likelihood of purchase ratings were more reflective of expressed moral attitudes than were pricing responses, and that holistic price evaluations were especially unlikely to reflect moral considerations. Post-task ratings confirmed the preference results, as did an experiment controlling for the influence of task goals. Our results have implications for compatibility theories of preference elicitation, the predictability of respondent ratings of attribute unacceptability, and the measurement of utilities for morally charged attributes.     

当代部分青年伦理认同、取向及其成因的解读

近十年来一些全国性的大型调查所获得的数据表明:在一定的社会文化环境的影响下,在传统文化心理的积淀中,当代部分青年的伦理认同陷入了实用功利的陷阱,其伦理取向则尚未走出传统的樊篱。     

莱茵霍尔德·尼布尔的基督教现实主义道德观

莱因霍尔德·尼布尔是20世纪在美国乃至西方最著名和颇具影响的基督教神学家.他坚持原罪论,并将基督教伦理思想广泛应用于社会问题及政治问题的研究,从而形成了系统并具有现代精神的基督教应用伦理学(即基督教现实主义伦理学),在现代宗教伦理学的推广方面做出了独特的贡献.他所倡导的现实主义伦理学影响了一代神学家和政治家,后来更是成为冷战时期美国对外政策的哲学依据.本文考察了尼布尔的原罪论及其与理想主义的分歧,以及尼布尔现实主义道德观的基本内容及其影响.     

马基雅维里道德观的再认识

在对马基雅维里道德观的评价上,学界历来存在着误解和分歧.马基雅维里思想中的道德观部分固然有缺陷,但据此把它指责为道德败坏和邪恶的"马基雅维里主义",则是一种建立在误解基础上的偏见.本文依据对马基雅维里赖以形成其道德观的时代背景、自身经历和其著作的综合研究,尝试厘清这种误解和偏见,就马氏的具有开创意义的现实主义道德观进行再认识.     

Common and Personal Values in Moral Education

It is arguable that beneath the fast and loose surface of recent official and/or semi-official documentation devoted to advice and guidance on moral education, there lurks systematic error about the bases of moral authority - turning upon a distinction between common and personal values. In what follows, it is claimed that the heart of this error lies in mistaking a logical distinction between different levels of moral evaluation for a statistical distinction concerned more with the distribution of moral values. To the extent that common value is identified with ideas of consensus or agreement, and personal value with values clarification and personal search, it seems that no coherent or viable conception of moral reason could possibly be constructed on the basis of currently available official guidance.     

Diverging Perceptions of Personal Moral Values and the Values of One's Religious Group

A popular notion in many religions is that less pious individuals are also less moral. We sought to test the self-described moral values of religious and nonreligious individuals under the framework of Moral Foundations Theory. In Study 1, we found that atheists differ from Christians in some moral domains. We also found evidence that Christians’ self-ratings are consistently lower than what they perceive to be the moral values of other Christians. This finding contradicts previous findings that suggest that Christians may inflate their positive characteristics relative to their peers in other domains. In Studies 2 and 3, we tested several alternative explanations for this finding. Preliminary evidence suggests that Christians rate their moral values lower in comparison to Christian exemplars such as religious leaders, and not from a sense of humility. In contrast, atheists may not have exemplars for such a comparison.     

儒家德治思想及其价值的现代阐释

德治理念确立于西周时期 ,在《尚书》中已有明确表述 ,以孔子为代表的儒家学派则在某种程度上对其进行了理论上的系统化。“德治”的观念依据是天命君权的神圣性与绝对性 ,其现实基础则是以血缘家族为基本结构的宗法社会 ,而其贯彻的制度保证则是“礼乐刑政”相互辅成的互动机制。在“德治”理念的背后隐藏着王权的绝对性以及“治者”与“被治者”之间在政治地位以及价值理念上的根本不平等。但作为一种政治模式 ,“德治”充分强调了对于统治者本身之道德素质的本质要求 ,因此它仍蕴含着现代政治在现实性上趋于合理化的基本前提     

When Values and Behavior Conflict: Moral Pluralism and Intrapersonal Moral Hypocrisy

The authors review the various ways moral hypocrisy has been defined and operationalized by social psychologists, concentrating on three general types: moral duplicity, moral double standards, and moral weakness. While most approaches have treated moral hypocrisy as an interpersonal phenomenon, requiring public claims, preaching (versus practicing), or judgments of others (versus oneself), this paper also considers intrapersonal moral hypocrisy – that is, conflicts between values and behavior that may exist even in the absence of public pronouncements or judgments. Current attempts to understand and combat intrapersonal moral hypocrisy are aided by moral pluralism, the idea that there are many different moral values, which may come into conflict both between and within individuals. Examples are given to illustrate how taking into account individual differences in values can help to reduce moral hypocrisy. The authors close by considering the possibility that in a pluralistic world, reducing intrapersonal moral hypocrisy might not always be a normatively desired end goal.     

马克思主义的道德社会历史观对普世伦理的超越

马克思主义的道德社会历史观的理论基础,是其人的需要理论和人的本质学说,其主要内容揭示了道德的社会历史性、阶级性与全民性以及客观统一性.马克思主义的道德社会历史现对正确评述普世伦理,具有重要的指导意义.     

明代道德生活与核心价值观

明代独特的道德生活是有其偏执的政治导向、失序的商品经济发展以及无根社会文化综合作用的结果.究其实质乃是在商品经济发展的过程中,传统儒家的价值观念无力为新的社会经济生产方式提供价值支撑,道德生活中的种种失范现象最终都导源于核心价值观的缺失.     

社会分工与道德普世

现代性是一种复杂的后传统秩序。与传统周而复始、简明稳定的等差结构相比,现代性展现出一种往而不复、复调流动的不确定特征。这一特征是如何造成的?在表面看来,最为明显的特征莫过于在宗教、道德和政治权威代表的传统价值趋向外,经济一脉异军突起,成为瞩目中心,并且侵向各个领域;而在传统文化中,经济理论和实践向来被置于知识和社会文化的边缘。这一经济变调是如何实现的?更为重要的是,既然现代性并非出自真空,而是从传统中生长出来,它就必然影响并受到道德的评判;从另一角度说,经济全球化过程中现代性也必然遭到地方性道德的支持和抵触。那么,现代化经济最终取得了何种程度的道德合理性?现代化经济在现代化的道德体系中扮演什么角色？     

European Moral Values and their Reception in Bulgarian Education

Studies in East European Thought -