民族道德的发轫过程及其状态探究

民族道德的产生大致经历了人类道德的真空——前人类社会的道德失范;民族道德的雏型——氏族道德;氏族道德向民族道德过渡的桥梁——部落道德;民族道德的形成——民族道德等几个阶段。在人类民族道德史上,氏族道德是起点,部落道德是中间环节,民族道德是基于氏族道德和部落道德而生发出来的。抑或说,民族道德是踩着氏族道德和部落道德的肩膀而发展起来的。     

道德价值的结构系统

道德价值直接隶属于最高级的类价值,是人类本质的内在反映。道德价值是人类社会道德关系的表现形式及其确证。道德价值作为社会道德关系的表现与确证,它是人类本质或人类价值在特定的社会历史状态中,对特定的道德关系及道德现象的肯定与否定。也可以说,     

动物伦理的几个理论焦点与道德难题

人类道德文明发展史,是一部人类道德关怀对象逐渐扩展的历史。动物伦理是人类道德文明发展的逻辑必然。但动物伦理存在着几个焦点问题和道德难题:人类确立道德是为了什么?即人类道德的目的是"人类中心主义"还是"非人类中心主义"?即动物是否具有自为的内在价值?动物是否拥有权利?这是当代最新颖、最富有挑战性的伦理学问题。动物是否应该得到道德关怀并受到道德对待?即动物是否应当成为"道德共同体"中的道德顾客或道德承受者?     

道德起源的三个视角

道德起源问题 ,是一个非常复杂的问题 ,也是伦理学史上争议颇多的问题。目前 ,国内学术界主要是从社会学的视角加以阐释的 ,认为劳动是人类道德起源的第一个历史前提。无庸置疑 ,这种观点抓住了人类道德起源的关键环节 ,揭示了人类道德起源最为根本的方面。但细究起来 ,这种阐释也存在着某些不足 :其一 ,它忽视了对人类道德起源的生物学考察 ,未看到人类祖先的动物合群性本能乃是人类道德起源的生理前提 ;其二 ,它忽视了对人类道德起源的心理学考察 ,未揭示人类道德起源的心理动因。所以 ,我们认为 ,要真正全面而系统地考察人类道德的起源必…     

道德记忆的价值维度

道德记忆是人类运用其记忆能力,对其自身的道德生活经历进行记忆刻写而形成的一种记忆形式。道德记忆的价值维度,不仅在于它让我们记住了自己曾经有过的道德生活经历,更重要的在于它是建构人类道德生活的必要条件和重要内容。人类道德生活是由道德规范的强大生命力、道德文化传统、人类承担道德责任的事实等多种要素构成的一个系统,它的形成在很大程度上依赖人类的道德记忆状况。对于我们人类来说,刻写道德记忆本身也是一种道德责任要求。它要求我们每一个人严肃、认真、负责地对待自己的过去。     

民族道德的发轫过程及其状况探究

民族道德的产生大致经历了人类道德的真空－前人类社会的道德失误;民族道德的雏型－－氏族道德;氏族道德向民族道德过渡的桥梁－部落道德;民族道德的形成－民族道德等几个阶段。在人类民族道德史上,氏施道德是起点,部落道德是中间环节,民族道德是基于氏族道德和部落道德而生发出来的。抑或说,民族道德是踩着氏族道德和部落道德的肩膀而发展起来的。     

道德增强与反增强的博弈与反思

随着技术干预和增强人类道德的系统性实现,引发了人们的希望与恐惧、期待与不安、支持与反对的对立。增强派认为,人类道德的发展已经严重滞后于科技进步,人类完全有权利进行道德增强:道德增强与自由意志、社会公平、人格特性等问题并不冲突,并能助人以达到"行善"境界。反增强派则主张人类无权进行道德增强:道德增强是一种"扮演上帝"的行为,会限制人类自由、扩大社会差距、人格同质化,甚至引发个体安全和社会风险等问题,道德增强的交锋实质上是传统道德自然主义与道德非自然主义两派博弈的理论翻版,它把技术与道德关系的思考引向深入,有助于人类探寻道德发展的新路径。     

自由的价值与道德生物增强的限度

在目前所能设想的人类增强技术中,通过生物医学手段来增强人类道德被认为是最没有争议的。但是否确实如此关键地取决于我们对道德的本质和来源及其在人类生活中的地位的认识和理解。通过集中考察英格玛·佩尔松和朱利安·萨瓦勒斯库对道德生物增强提出的倡议,本文尝试表明,鉴于人类道德生活的复杂性、多样性和开放性,鉴于我们目前对人类道德行为的神经生物学基础仍然缺乏充分明晰和系统的认识,利用生物医学手段来直接干预大脑以“增强”人类道德的做法不仅并不成熟,而且也未能充分正视自由与其他重要的人类价值之间错综复杂的关系。     

构建和谐社会的生态道德教育审视

生态道德作为一种新型道德,既反映着人与自然的伦理关系,也反映着人与人、人与社会的伦理关系,不仅是人类道德进化的必然产物,而且是人类社会进一步走向文明的重要标志.人类作为道德主体应当承担生态道德,构建和谐社会需要生态道德建设.生态道德建设关键在于生态道德教育,包括生态道德意识教育、生态道德规范教育、生态道德素质教育.     

试论豪瑟尔的道德进化论

豪瑟尔的道德进化论主要阐明了人类道德基因在人们作出道德评价时的决定作用,否认了情感和理性在道德判断中的先决作用。道德的来源是人类进化过程中的一个产物,对道德神创论的理论进行了反驳。     

道德决策快的智能机器让人更信任：能力感知的中介作用

本研究旨在探究智能机器的道德决策速度是否以及如何影响人们对其的信任程度。研究分别以智能机器与人类为道德决策主体,采用2（决策速度）×2（决策内容）的被试间设计进行研究发现,对于智能机器和人类,道德性决策均会使人们对其信任,而快速道德决策提高了人们对智能机器的信任程度;此外,研究发现能力感知是智能机器道德决策速度影响人们对其信任程度的中介机制。研究表明人们对智能机器与人类的道德决策速度知觉存在差异。     

"The Plague Of Blood": HIV/AIDS and Ethics of the Global Health–Care Challenge

In this essay I explore the heuristic value of the concept of ethics of complexity, chaos, and contingency by applying its framework to the analysis of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Everyday human moral choices are outcomes of a moral impulse, and such an impulse is grounded in moral competence shaped by moral literacy. This literacy is constructed on the basis of a body of knowledge of culture, social context, environment, and the universe. It also includes the knowledge of religions and religious and secular ethical codes. I also distinguish between the social and cultural aspects of ethical systems. Both societies and cultures provide resources and constraints for the development of literacy and competence. An intentionally developed multifaith and multidisciplinary coalition may help us move away from various forms of social speciation and toward sociological mindfulness. This could help us remake the world into one that has more courage to care.     

论《周易》的道德谱系

《周易》是一部人学著作,也是一部道德著作。《周易》构建了一种特殊的道德谱系,这种道德谱系由本能无意识、文化无意识、社会意识、自我意识道德化四个层面构成。《周易》的道德谱系把“人”与“道”联系起来,从而有了“人道”,也把“道”与“德”联系起来,从而有了“道德”。《周易》在性命之理的基础上探讨了人的形成、演化及人性的内容;又在“人”与“道”的基础上构建了“成人”与“做人”的道德谱系。《周易》的道德谱系把“人”与“道”联接起来是人学,把“道”与“德”联接起来是伦理学。天道、人道等统一于性命之理的命题之中,成为了道德谱系的奇特内容,从而人也就成为了道德谱系的本体。     

The Moral Depth of Human Dignity

In 1971, Herbert Spiegelberg challenged philosophers to refine and deepen the vivid idea of human dignity to prevent its degeneration. Although philosophers, including Michael Rosen and Jeremy Waldron, have responded with valuable insights, the full moral depth of dignity has remained philosophically elusive. Furthermore, many philosophers still think human dignity a limited ethical concept. By integrating important alienable and inalienable dimensions of human dignity, this essay attempts to do justice to our vivid contemporary experience of dignity's moral depth. It seeks to illuminate the profound, universal worth of all humans, and the ethical force of human rights protections.     

The Limits Of Human Nature

It has become increasingly common recently to construe human natureas setting some pretty stringent limits to moral endeavour. Many consequentialists, in particular, take considerations concerning human nature to defeat certain demanding norms that would otherwise follow from their theory.One argument is that certain commitments ground psychological incapacitiesthat prevent us from doing what would maximize the good. Another is that we would be likely to suffer some kind of psychological demoralization if we tried to become significantly more selfless. I argue that influential versions of both of these arguments underestimate our deliberative resources, and also fail to examine the kind of moral sources that may be able to sustain rigorous moral endeavour. Pessimism about our capacities for such endeavour results from the neglect of these factors, rather than from uncovering any significant limitations in human nature.     

The Fragility of Moral Principles

According to a widely accepted conceptual model, principles play essential roles in moral reasoning: it is asserted that they hold universally and cannot be avoided in the justification of human action and belief. This paper challenges that view. It argues that, though some principles play such substantive roles, most do not. They can be characterized instead as being fragile or defeasible, i.e., they are capable of being weakened, voided or undone. The claim is made that it is the pressures exerted by particular cases of moral dilemmas that are the sources of such fragility. The paper contains detailed examples illustrating how the process of defeasibility, including a retreat into moral vacuity, arises from such pressures.     

The Concept of Harm and the Significance of Normality

Many believe that severe intellectual impairment, blindness or dying young amount to serious harm and disadvantage. It is also increasingly denied that it matters, from a moral point of view, whether something is biologically normal to humans. We show that these two claims are in serious tension. It is hard explain how, if we do not ascribe some deep moral significance to human nature or biological normality, we could distinguish severe intellectual impairment or blindness from the vast list of seemingly innocent ways in which we fail to have as much wellbeing as we could, such not having super‐intelligence, or not living to 130. We consider a range of attempts to draw this intuitive normative distinction without appealing to normality. These, we argue, all fail. But this doesn't mean that we cannot draw this distinction or that we must, implausibly, conclude that biological normality does possess an inherent moral importance. We argue that, despite appearances, it is not biological normality but rather statistical normality that, although lacking any intrinsic moral significance, nevertheless makes an important moral difference in ways that explain and largely justify the intuitive distinction.     

The problem of mind in Confucianism

This essay explores the Confucian theory of mind. Doing so, it first examines the early Confucian concept of the human mind as a substance that has both moral and cognitive functions and a universal nature. It then explores the neo-Confucian concept of the human mind, the original mind, and the relationships between the human mind and human nature, as well as between the human mind and the human body. Finally, it explores the Confucian concept of cultivation of the mind.     

The Moral Power of Jim: A Mencian Reading of Huckleberry Finn

This paper examines the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in the light of the early Confucian thinker Mencius, arguing in essence that Mencian theories of moral development and self-cultivation can help us to recover the moral significance of Twain's novel. Although ‘ethical criticisms’ of Huckleberry Finn share a long history, I argue that most interpretations have failed to appreciate the moral significance of Jim, either by focusing on the moral arc of Huck in isolation or by casting Jim in one-dimensional terms simply as a symbol or example of human dignity. By invoking the Mencian ideas of ‘moral power’ (de ), human goodness, and the virtues of sympathy and humaneness, this study attempts to bring into relief the many ways that Jim, particularly in his role as an exemplar, functions as an active force in the moral life of Huck. It is hoped that this revised Mencian reading of Huckleberry Finn can restore the moral center of the novel and contribute to the growing discussion on the virtues in moral education.     

The Moral Foundations of Human Rights Attitudes

Human rights are claimed to be innate and based on moral principles. Human rights attitudes have been shown to be related to political ideology, but there have been few studies investigating their relationship with morality. Using moral foundations theory, we examine whether morals can predict human rights attitudes across two studies. The first study used questionnaires to show that human rights are based exclusively on individualizing moral foundations; however, increases in individualizing and decreases in binding foundations predict increases in human rights endorsement. Moral foundations also mediated the relationship between political identification and human rights. Both individualizing and binding foundations performed a role in explaining the lower endorsement of human rights by conservatives as compared to liberals. The second study used textual analysis of newspaper articles to show that human-rights-related articles contained more moral language than other articles, in particular for the individualizing foundations. Conservative newspapers had a greater use of binding foundations in human rights articles than liberal newspapers.