文化与人格:心理人类学的解释

在众多影响人格形成和发展的因素中,文化是至关重要的一个因素,对文化影响人格的系统研究已有近一个世纪的历程。本文通过国内外这一研究课题的发展背景及研究现状梳理,并以此为基础进而说明人格特点的文化因素影响,对今后的研究进行探讨。     

Meaning,Expression, and the Interpretation of Literature

I argue that when we interpret a literary work, we engage with at least two different kinds of meaning, each requiring a distinct mode of interpretation. These kinds of meaning are literary varieties of what Paul Grice called nonnatural and natural meaning. The long‐standing debate that began with Beardsley and Wimsatt's attack on the intentional fallacy is, I argue, really a debate about nonnatural meaning in literature. I contend that natural meaning has been largely neglected in our theorizing about literary interpretation and that this comes at a serious cost, resulting in an inadequate account of what interpretation involves. I argue, first, that by recognizing that literary meaning includes both nonnatural and natural meaning, we are better placed to understand the interpreter's relationship with the author, and, second, that recognition of the distinction between nonnatural and natural meaning advances the established debate about literary meaning, offering support for actual intentionalism. The more inclusive view of literary meaning helps resolve an apparent difficulty raised by Noël Carroll.     

新闻学领域的道德困境及其解读

大众传媒及其工作者在新闻实践中经常面临着道德价值选择冲突问题,需要我们在伦理的反思批判中逐渐达成共识。通过对新闻学领域内较为常见的客观报道与人文关怀的冲突、隐性采访与社会正义的冲突、舆论自由与独立审判的冲突进行解读,或许能为大众传媒及其工作者的道德价值选择提供道德依据和价值基础,从而为化解此类困境提供一定的理论思路。     

The Meaning of Drawing-Completion Stimuli: New Guidelines for Projective Interpretation

The study investigated whether the eight gestalt stimuli used in Kinget's Drawing-Completion Test (DCT) can be defined by the eight word-concepts Mundy hypothesized to “name” them and to reflect their meaning. Thirty college students made semantic differential ratings. The 4,320 ratings analyzed show some correspondence between stimuli and their respective meanings, suggesting new guidelines for interpreting such drawing completions.     

电子商务困境的伦理分析

电子商务面临着许多问题,比如网络污染、网上交易风险、网络安全、电子商务信任危机等,这些问题严重制约了电子商务的发展.电子商务面临困境的原因既有技术因素,也有伦理因素.网络社会中人的身份的变化、人际关系的冷漠、主流意识的缺乏、监督的乏力等,是导致电子商务困境的伦理因素.     

休谟"是"与"应当"问题的原始含义及其现代解读

"是"与"应当"问题是休谟道德哲学的核心问题,在前人的解读中,某些违背了休谟提出问题的本意.特别是那种简单地把"是"与"应当"的问题理解为事实与价值的问题,并推测休谟反对由事实判断推出价值判断的说法,在一定程度上误解了休谟的原意.因此,还原休谟提出问题时的本意和当时的情景,尽可能地接近休谟问题的原始含义,是解决休谟问题必须要做的工作.同时,对休谟问题的目的、实践理性推理等的新理解,也有助于推进对该问题的研究和解决.     

Need for Meaning,Meaning Confusion,Meaning Anxiety,and Meaning Avoidance: Additional Dimensions of Meaning in Life

Two aspects of meaning in life have drawn much attention in previous research: presence of meaning and search for meaning. We proposed four additional aspects concerning individuals’ thoughts and feelings about meaning in life: need for meaning, meaning confusion, meaning avoidance, and meaning anxiety. We developed items to measure these dimensions. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the data fit the factors well. Convergent and discriminant validities of the four dimensions were demonstrated though their distinct patterns of correlations with other variables, such as personality traits, need satisfaction, personal aspirations, life satisfaction, anxiety and depression. Moreover, cluster analysis revealed that individuals could be divided into meaningful groups according to these dimensions, with each group demonstrating unique psychological features. Implications for future studies on meaning in life are discussed.     

发展伦理与文化态度:哈维兰文化人类学的发展伦理学意蕴

与不同学科进行对话,是深化发展伦理研究的重要路径.哈维兰的文化人类学对发展伦理学的深层化具有重要意义,在"文化态度"这个层面,表现在两个层面:其一,其所倡导的文化批判、文化反省意识、文化自觉精神,有助于发展伦理学文化态度的自觉化;其二,作为其方法论支撑的"文化相对论"所存在的深层问题,有助于人们辩证确认发展伦理学的基本文化态度.     

The Anthropology of Islam

Argyle, M. and Beit-Hallahmi, B. The social psychology of religion, London: Routledge &; Kegan Paul, 1975, pp. 256, £5.95 (£2.95 paper)

Rosenthal, Franz, The classical heritage in Islam, transl. Emile and Jenny Marmorstein. London: Routledge &; Kegan Paul, 1975, pp. xx + 298, £5.50

Mirza, Hormazdyar Dastur Kayoji, Outlines of Parsi history, Bombay: Industrial Press, 1974, xxvii + 516 pp, approx £4.50     

疾病的意义与意义关怀

意义是人类关怀传达的基本要素和内容.意义关怀是医务人员在对患者及其家属现时疾病意义理解、认知的基础上,通过互动交流,形成共享意义的过程.理解意义是意义关怀的起点,疾病的意义包括现实意义和符号意义.意义关怀过程包括构建伙伴关系、有效的互动交流、形成共享意义三个阶段.     

The Empathic Foundations of Security Dilemma De‐escalation

Security dilemma theorists have long recognized the importance of empathy to the de‐escalation of conflict between actors caught in security dilemma dynamics, but they have left empathy undertheorized and have neglected to recognize its deeply contested nature. This article responds to this omission by bringing multidisciplinary literature on empathy to bear on security dilemma thinking. Contrary to some contemporary empathy research that draws attention to its automatic, unconscious, and intuitive properties, the article highlights the deliberate, effortful, and reflexive capacity to empathize across complex social contexts such as security dilemma dynamics. It shows how empathy of this kind can lead actors to moderate their positions on key issues at the heart of a conflict, reinterpret their interests, and broaden the zone of possible agreement between themselves and an adversary. The article demonstrates these notions empirically by locating empathy within the de‐escalation of tensions between the United States and Iran between 2009 and 2016. Drawing on primary interview material with former U.S. officials, the argument is made that the development of specific empathic capacities by key U.S. officials played an important and unrecognized role in the de‐escalation of security dilemma dynamics between the United States and Iran.     

中医和中国哲学中身体的意义:以梦为中心

对梦这个精神现象的考察可从多个角度进行,中国医学和哲学范围内的几种释梦思路反映出对精神状态的一贯重视,但这种重视必须联系身体观念才构成完整的体察。中医把梦视为身体疾病的信号,道家的"至人无梦"说和宋代理学对"孔子梦周公"问题的讨论则涉及两种释梦思路间的转移,即从视梦为精神状态和精神修养的指针到兆示吉凶的征兆。脱离身体的精神化解读暴露的中国古典身体观念和崇圣传统之间的张力,是造成这一转移的主要因素。     

道德的博弈:一种伦理学的诠释

当人们借用博弈模型来分析人类活动时,所隐喻的是博弈境遇中凸现出来的人类行为及其合作秩序出现的伦理问题.从霍布斯的"傻子"到休谟的"农夫困境",无不体现伦理语境中对博弈问题的关注,而以协定道德来诠释合作秩序的实现,却又存在着理论上的症结.面对诚实不足和伪装难题,道德的博弈何以可能?诚实不只是作为一种合作性实践的最优策略,更是一种人们意愿践行正义的美德.     

Meaning Analysis of Inflected Words

Two hypotheses concerning the meaning analysis of written inflected words were tested: Either analysis is governed by the stem, or the stem and the suffix receive simultaneous semantic analysis. The method involved a new semantic decision (picture-written word matching) paradigm utilizing the spatial information carried by Finnish locative case endings. Results supported the first hypothesis. In contrast to certain claims in the recent morphological processing literature, suffix-related semantic information is secondary to the stem and it becomes available later than stem-related semantic information.     

关于知情同意的伦理与法律意义之辨析

尊重和自主是知情同意的伦理底线,行善是知情同意的伦理基础.知情同意并不是评判医疗行为是否符合伦理的金标准.伦理上的知情同意与法律上的知情同意,既有区别又相互联系,德法并济是有效履行知情同意的前提.