关于学生自我妨碍策略与学业不良的相关研究

本研究通过问卷法对240名小学高年级、初中、高中生进行了自我妨碍策略与学业不良的相关研究,其研究结果表明:小学高年级学生、初中生学业优秀者与学业不良者采用自我妨碍策略存在显著差异;高中生学业优秀者与学业不良者采用自我妨碍策略不存在显著差异;学业不良与自我妨碍预测因素即自我效能感、智力责任归因、自尊、抑郁存在相关,与惧怕否定没有显著相关等。     

青少年自我效能感对现实-理想自我差异与抑郁间关系的调节效应

为了探讨青少年现实-理想自我差异对抑郁的影响,及自我效能感在两者之间的调节效应,研究采用青少年理想-现实自我差异量表,一般自我效能感量表,Beck抑郁量表,对266名初高中生进行了问卷调查。主要结果如下:(1)青少年现实-理想自我差异,抑郁水平随着年龄的增长而升高,自我效能感水平随着年龄的增长而降低;(2)青少年抑郁水平随着理想-现实自我差异的增加而升高;(3)青少年抑郁水平随着自我效能感的增加而降低;(4)青少年自我效能感水平调节现实-理想自我差异与抑郁之间的关系。即青少年抑郁水平随现实-理想自我差异的升高而升高,但升高速度随自我效能感的增加而减慢。     

浅析女大学生消极情绪与消极自我意识

本文探讨了女大学生消极情绪和消极自我意识产生和发展的特点，认为消极的自我观念和自我评价、较低的成就期望值、低自我估价者归因风格以及较差的自我控制能力等女大学生的消极自我意识是导致其产生自卑、焦虑、抑郁等消极情绪的主要原因。教育者应加强引导和提高她们的自觉，以避免其消极情绪和消极自我意识的产生和强化。     

抑郁者操作任务中目标设立与自我评价的特点

参加研究的被试包括：抑郁性神经症组（２０人）,抑郁症组（１３人）,正常对照组（２９人）。所有被试在完成独粒钻石棋作业的前后对其作业目标进行了估计,并在作业后对操作的满意程度进行了评价,对影响操作者的因素进行了归因,研究所得到的主要结果为（１）抑郁者在操作任务前的目标设立与正常人或抑郁者相似。（２）实际作业成绩与效能感得分相关,（３）抑郁症,抑郁性神经症相被试消极的自我归因倾向明显高于正常组。     

大学生心理控制源与抑郁倾向的关系:自我效能感的中介效应

目的:探讨大学生心理控制源和自我效能感与抑郁倾向的关系,并检验自我效能感在心理控制源对抑郁倾向关系上的中介效应。方法:随机选取350名大学生接受内控性、有势力的他人及机遇量表、一般自我效能量表和自评抑郁量表测量。结果:(1)相关分析表明,抑郁与心理控制源中的内控性呈显著负相关,与机遇和有势力的他人呈显著正相关,与自我效能感呈显著负相关。内控性和自我效能感存在显著正相关。心理控制源中的内控性和机遇、自我效能感能够显著预测抑郁倾向。(2)中介效应检验表明,自我效能感在内控性对抑郁倾向的作用中起完全中介作用。自我效能感和机遇各自可以独立预测抑郁倾向。结论:自我效能感是内控性预测抑郁倾向的完全中介因素,自我效能感是机遇预测抑郁倾向的部分中介因素。     

中学生学业自我妨碍的影响因素研究

该研究以972名中学生为被试,采用问卷调查法,考察成就目标定向、学业自我效能感、焦虑、抑郁对中学生学业自我妨碍的影响.结果表明:掌握回避目标、成绩接近目标、成绩回避目标、焦虑、抑郁对学业自我妨碍有显著的正向预测作用;掌握接近目标和行为效能对学业自我妨碍有显著的负向预测作用.     

自我监控概念的重构

Snyder（1974）提出自我监控来解释自我呈现中的个体差异。他认为高自我监控者具有3个特征：关注行为的适宜性,对情境线索敏感,并以此作为行为调节的指南。作者通过文献回顾指出,Snyder对高自我监控的定义不妥。该文通过对自我呈现功能分析,指出自我呈现既有自我功能,又有人际功能。想要给他人留下期望的印象,自我呈现不仅要维系人际和谐,而且要维系自我和谐。根据这两个维度,该文对自我监控概念进行了重构。把自我监控者分为4种：高自我监控者在自我呈现过程中既维系自我和谐,又维系人际和谐;他人导向监控者只注重人际和谐;自我导向监控者只注重自我和谐;低自我监控者既不注意人际和谐,也不注意自我和谐     

现实及网络社会排斥与大学生抑郁的关系:自我控制的中介作用

对1077名大学生进行调查,探讨现实、网络社会排斥和自我控制与大学生抑郁的关系。结果显示:(1)现实社会排斥与网络社会排斥在发生频率上没有显著差异;网络社会排斥、现实社会排斥、自我控制以及抑郁两两之间均呈显著正相关关系;(2)现实社会排斥不仅能够对抑郁产生直接的预测作用,而且能够通过自我控制的中介作用对抑郁产生影响;(3)网络社会排斥对抑郁的直接预测作用不显著,只能够通过自我控制的中介作用对抑郁产生影响。     

自我嗓音吸引力的评价偏向及抑郁的作用

探讨自我嗓音吸引力评价的积极偏向及抑郁因素的作用。以34名女性和32名男性大学生为被试,采用主观评定法分别对自我、熟人和陌生他人的嗓音吸引力进行评价,同时施测贝克抑郁量表。结果显示:男性和女性被试均对自我嗓音表现出更高评价,随着抑郁分数的增高,女性对自我嗓音吸引力的评价会随之降低。结果提示嗓音吸引力评价的自我积极偏向具有稳定性并与抑郁关系密切,女性抑郁程度越高,自我嗓音吸引力评价越低。     

自我厌恶与大学生同伴关系：抑郁和社会支持的链式中介作用

为考察自我厌恶对大学生同伴关系的影响机制以及抑郁和社会支持在其中的作用,采用中文版自我厌恶量表、同伴关系量表、抑郁自评量表和青少年社会支持评定量表对443名大学生进行调查。结果发现：(1)自我厌恶与大学生同伴关系呈显著负相关;(2)抑郁和社会支持在自我厌恶对大学生同伴关系的影响过程中起链式中介作用。结果表明,通过降低大学生的自我厌恶和抑郁水平,同时充分发挥社会支持的作用,有助于提升大学生的同伴关系。     

Genuine memory bias versus response bias in anxiety

Low and high trait anxiety undergraduates were presented with physical‐threat, ego‐threat, positive, and neutral words. Following an orienting task promoting lexical—but not semantic—processing, unexpected free recall or recognition tests were presented. High anxiety participants showed increased correct recall of both types of threat‐related words, but also increased incorrect recall (intrusions) and incorrect recognition (false alarms) of these words. Furthermore, participants high in anxiety had reduced sensitivity (d′) for ego‐threat words, and reduced cautiousness (β) for physical‐threat words. This tendency to report threat‐related information regardless of prior presentation suggests that there is a response bias rather than a memory bias in anxiety. In addition, this bias is likely to be mediated by depression insofar as physical‐threat information is concerned, although the bias can be attributed to trait anxiety insofar as ego‐threat information is concerned.     

Mood-congruent free recall bias in anxiety

The present study evaluated the status of mood-congruent free recall bias in anxious individuals following incidental encoding of target words. In the first experiment, high trait anxiety individuals showed increased recall of threat-related information after an orienting task promoting lexical processing of target words. In a second experiment, both lexical and semantic orienting tasks were performed at study. In this experiment, anxious individuals displayed a mood-congruent recall bias only for target information processed at a lexical level. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.     

Mood-congruent free recall bias in anxiety

The present study evaluated the status of mood-congruent free recall bias in anxious individuals following incidental encoding of target words. In the first experiment, high trait anxiety individuals showed increased recall of threat-related information after an orienting task promoting lexical processing of target words. In a second experiment, both lexical and semantic orienting tasks were performed at study. In this experiment, anxious individuals displayed a mood-congruent recall bias only for target information processed at a lexical level. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.     

Mood-congruent free recall bias in anxious individuals is not a consequence of response bias

The status of mood-congruent free recall bias in anxious individuals was evaluated following incidental encoding of target words. Individuals with high and low levels of trait anxiety completed a modified Stroop task, which revealed an attentional bias for threat-related stimuli in anxious individuals. This group was significantly slower in naming the colour in which threat-related words were displayed compared to neutral words. In a subsequent free recall test for the words used in the modified Stroop task, anxious individuals recalled more threat-related words compared to low-anxious people. This difference was significant even when controlling for the false recall of items that had not been presented during study. These results support the view put forward by Russo, Fox, Bellinger, and Nguyen-Van-Tam (2001) that mood-congruent free recall bias in anxious individuals can be observed if the target material is encoded at a relatively shallow level. Moreover, contrary to Dowens and Calvo (2003), the current results show that the memory advantage for threat-related information in anxious individuals is not a consequence of response bias.     

Mood-congruent free recall bias in anxious individuals is not a consequence of response bias

The status of mood-congruent free recall bias in anxious individuals was evaluated following incidental encoding of target words. Individuals with high and low levels of trait anxiety completed a modified Stroop task, which revealed an attentional bias for threat-related stimuli in anxious individuals. This group was significantly slower in naming the colour in which threat-related words were displayed compared to neutral words. In a subsequent free recall test for the words used in the modified Stroop task, anxious individuals recalled more threat-related words compared to low-anxious people. This difference was significant even when controlling for the false recall of items that had not been presented during study. These results support the view put forward by Russo, Fox, Bellinger, and Nguyen-Van-Tam (2001) that mood-congruent free recall bias in anxious individuals can be observed if the target material is encoded at a relatively shallow level. Moreover, contrary to Dowens and Calvo (2003), the current results show that the memory advantage for threat-related information in anxious individuals is not a consequence of response bias.     

Trait anxiety, defensiveness and selective processing of threat: an investigation using two measures of attentional bias

Attentional biases for threat were examined in a non-clinical sample (N=60), with each participant tested on both the modified Stroop colour-naming and dot probe tasks. Three groups were selected on the basis of trait anxiety and social desirability scale (SDS) scores: “low anxiety” (LA: low trait, low SDS), “repressor” (REP: low trait, high SDS) and “high anxiety” (HA: high trait, low SDS). Results from the colour-naming task suggested that high levels of defensiveness (in combination with low trait anxiety) were associated with greater avoidance of threat. The REP group showed less interference in colour-naming threat than neutral words; whereas the HA group showed increased interference due to threat words. On the dot probe task, there was a general tendency for this non-clinical sample as a whole to show avoidance of social threat relative to neutral words, but there was no bias for physical threat words. Avoidance of social threat was significant only within the REP group. No relationships were found between the measures of cognitive bias from the two tasks, suggesting different underlying mechanisms. Results are discussed in relation to previous findings and theoretical views of the effects of anxiety and defensiveness on the processing of threat.     

高强迫倾向个体注意脱困的电生理证据

对威胁信息的注意偏向可能是导致和维持强迫症症状的重要因素之一。本研究采用情绪Stroop范式,同时结合ERP技术,对强迫倾向个体注意偏向的时间进程进行研究,以期探究强迫倾向个体注意偏向的神经机制特点。结果发现,高强迫倾向个体对强迫症相关消极词比一般消极词和中性词表现出了更大的P2和LPPs振幅。实验结果表明,高强迫倾向个体对强迫症相关消极词表现出注意偏向,其成分为注意脱困,既表现在早期自动加工阶段的P2成分上也表现在晚期策略加工阶段的LPPs成分上。     

防御性自尊大学生注意偏向对记忆偏向的影响

摘 要 为考查防御性自尊大学生注意偏向对记忆偏向的影响,本研究将被试分为训练组和控制组,训练组接受注意偏向训练,之后完成记忆任务。记忆任务中呈现中性和攻击性词汇,要求被试对词汇进行自由回忆。结果发现,控制组对攻击性信息存在着记忆偏向,而训练组对攻击性信息的记忆偏向消失。注意偏向训练可以即时性地改变防御性自尊大学生对攻击性信息的注意偏向,注意偏向可能是特质一致性记忆的原因之一。     

Cognitive Avoidance in Phobia

It is suggested that anxious individuals would have a processing bias for threat only in the initial processing stage, whereas in the consecutive stages the more elaborate analysis of the stimulus would be inhibited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the stage in which the bias changed into avoidance and whether cognitive avoidance of threat is restricted to information that refers to the anxiety response as opposed to the threatening stimulus. Therefore, 37 spider phobics and 34 controls were administered a negative priming task and a free recall task, using threat words and neutral words, both divided into stimulus-related and response-related words. There was no indication of cognitive avoidance of the response-related threat words as assessed by the negative priming task. Recall findings indicated an incomplete memory bias in phobics, with a better recall of stimulus-related threat words instead of a worse recall of response-related threat words. This suggests a passive cognitive avoidance mechanism, which may still impede the processing of response-related information, crucial for the success of exposure therapy.     

Anxiety-related threat bias in recognition memory: the moderating effect of list composition and semantic-similarity effects

Individuals with high anxiety show bias for threatening information, but it is unclear whether this bias affects memory. Recognition memory studies have shown biases for recognising and rejecting threatening items in anxiety, prompting the need to identify moderating factors of this effect. This study focuses on the role of semantic similarity: the use of many semantically related threatening words could increase familiarity for those items and obscure anxiety-related differences in memory. To test this, two recognition memory experiments varied the proportion of threatening words in lists to manipulate the semantic-similarity effects. When similarity effects were reduced, participants with high trait anxiety were biased to respond “new” to threatening words, whereas when similarity effects were strong there was no effect of anxiety on memory bias. Analysis of the data with the drift diffusion model showed that the bias was due to differences in processing of the threatening stimuli rather than a simple response bias. These data suggest that the semantic similarity of the threatening words significantly affects the presence or absence of anxiety-related threat bias in recognition memory. The results indicate that trait anxiety is associated with a bias to decide that threatening stimuli were not previously studied, but only when semantic-similarity effects are controlled. Implications for theories of anxiety and future studies in this domain are discussed.