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1.
Attempts at meaning-making are considered an integral part of the process of psychological adjustment following the diagnosis
of a major illness. The present study aimed at examining the applicability of Lipowski’s illness meaning framework and the
utility of a card-task and an interview method for the assessment of illness meanings in an Indian sample of cancer patients
(n=100). ‘Challenge’, ‘value’, ‘punishment’ , ‘weakness’ and ‘enemy’ were the five categories from the Lipowski’s framework
that were found to be applicable in the current study sample whereas ‘strategy’, ‘relief’ and ‘loss’ were not applicable in
the sample. Five new categories of illness meanings emerged namely; ‘burden’, ‘part of life’, ‘God’s plan’, ‘fate’ and ‘low
threat’. Subgroups of patients formed on the basis of four broad categories of illness meanings (positive, negative, fate
and low threat) differed significantly on depression, anxiety and quality of life, supporting the convergent validity of the
interview based assessment. The study highlights that the card-task for assessment of meanings has significant limitations
and that Lipowski’s illness-meaning framework requires expansion to capture the breadth of illness experiences in Indian patients. 相似文献
2.
William S. Sax 《International Journal of Hindu Studies》2000,4(1):39-60
Conclusion Our understanding of South Asian society and history is sometimes muddled by the rigid distinctions we make between ‘religion’
and ‘politics.’ The resurgent appeal of Hindu nationalism, the involvement of Hindu renouncers in contemporary Indian politics,
and the continuing relevance of religious issues to political discourse throughout South Asia, show that such a distinction
is of limited utility. In this essay, I have examined the notion of digvijaya in some detail, in an attempt to show that this ‘most important Indian concept with regard to sovereignty’ was always both
a ‘religious’ and a ‘political’ phenomenon. When it was performed by Hindu kings in the classical period, the ‘political’
dimension of digvijaya was foregrounded, while in the medieval and modern periods, when it was associated primarily with Hindu renouncers, its ‘religious’
aspects were paramount. But neither ‘political’ nor ‘religious’ aspects were ever absent from any of the digvijayas discussed here because religion and politics were mutually entailed in the digvijaya at all times, just as kings and renouncers were—and still are—alter-egos of each other. I am tempted to conclude that the
digvijaya melded religious and political domains. Yet perhaps even to speak of ‘melding’ religion and politics is a peculiarly modern
kind of discourse. Perhaps we need to rethink our categories and recognize that politics always has a religious element, while
religion is always a political force. 相似文献
3.
The nature of the ‘self’ and self-referential awareness has been one of the most debated issues in philosophy, psychology
and cognitive neuroscience. Understanding the neurocognitive bases of self-related representation and processing is also crucial
to research on the neural correlates of consciousness. The distinction between an ‘I’, corresponding to a subjective sense
of the self as a thinker and causal agent, and a ‘Me’, as the objective sense of the self with the unique and identifiable
features constituting one’s self-image or self-concept, suggested by William James, has been re-elaborated by authors from
different theoretical perspectives. In this article, empirical studies and theories about the ‘I’ and the ‘Me’ in cognition
and self-related awareness are reviewed, including the relationships between self and perception, self and memory, the development
of the self, self-referential stimulus processing, as well as related neuroimaging studies. Subsequently, the relations between
self and different aspects of consciousness are considered. On the basis of the reviewed literature and with reference to
Block’s distinction between phenomenal and access consciousness, a neurocognitive hypothesis is formulated about ‘I’-related
and ‘Me’-related self-referential awareness. This hypothesis is extended to metacognitive awareness and a form of non-transitive
consciousness, characteristic of meditation experiences and studies, with particular reference to the notion of mindfulness
and other Buddhist constructs. 相似文献
4.
Zachary Beckstead 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2009,43(3):221-227
Schwarz (IPBS: Integrative Psychology & Behavioral Science 43:3, 2009) cogently demonstrates that in conjunction with scientific conventionalism psychology has developed a rather deficient view
of their subject matter: the human being. Psychology based on an impoverished notion of empirical has rendered subjectivity
or ‘the measuring apparatus man’ invisible. As his story implicitly demonstrates, psychologists supported by a positivistic
view of science (in part to be empirical) and notion of ‘objectivity’ have learned to trust their ‘rigorous’ methods instead
of their participants as capable of revealing important and interesting phenomena. If we are going to take subjectivity and
experience seriously there should be a cultivation of a new attitude or orientation regarding psychology’s subject matter
(i.e., the human being) and science. This commentary discusses Mark Freeman’s (2007) argument that the first requirement of science should be ‘fidelity to the phenomena’ and elaborates on the implications
for psychology grounded in this view of science. 相似文献
5.
Logic and Reasoning: do the facts matter? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Johan van Benthem 《Studia Logica》2008,88(1):67-84
Modern logic is undergoing a cognitive turn, side-stepping Frege’s ‘antipsychologism’. Collaborations between logicians and
colleagues in more empirical fields are growing, especially in research on reasoning and information update by intelligent
agents. We place this border-crossing research in the context of long-standing contacts between logic and empirical facts,
since pure normativity has never been a plausible stance. We also discuss what the fall of Frege’s Wall means for a new agenda
of logic as a theory of rational agency, and what might then be a viable understanding of ‘psychologism’ as a friend rather
than an enemy of logical theory.
Edited by Hannes Leitgeb 相似文献
6.
Setargew Kenaw 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2010,41(2):315-332
The paper shows how Karl Popper’s critique of ‘historicism’ is permeated by psychoanalytic discourse regardless of his critique
that psychoanalysis is one of the exemplars of pseudoscience. Early on, when he was formulating his philosophy of science,
Popper had an apparently stringent criterion, viz. falsifiablity, and painstaking analysis. The central argument of this paper is that despite his
representation of psychoanalysis as the principal illustration of the category he dubs as ‘pseudoscience’, Popper’s analysis
has been infused with psychoanalysis when it comes to his social and political philosophy. Besides, not only was his interpretation
of the proponents of ‘historicism’ and the ‘closed’ society mediated by the very concepts of a field which he indicted as
pseudoscientific but also he frequently slipped into vacuous and unverifiable accusations forgetting the jurisdiction he formerly
accorded to empirical adequacy and logical consistency when examining and assessing theories. 相似文献
7.
Jonathan Bentwich 《Synthese》2006,153(3):451-455
A key working hypothesis in neuroscience is ‘materialistic reductionism’, i.e., the assumption whereby all physiological, behavioral or cognitive phenomena is produced by localized neurochemical brain activation (but not vice versa). However, analysis of sub-threshold Weber’s psychophysical stimulation indicates its computational irreducibility to the direct interaction between psychophysical stimulation and any neuron/s. This is because the materialistic-reductionistic working hypothesis assumes that the determination of the existence or non-existence of any psychophysical stimulation [s] may only be determined through its direct interaction [di1] with a given neuron/s [N] that together forms the ‘neural registry’ computational level [NR/di1]. But, this implies that in cases of (initial) sub-threshold (sensory-specific) psychophysical stimulation which is increased above the sensory-specific threshold but below Weber’s psychophysical ‘dv’—the psychophysical computational processing [PCP] produces an apparently ‘computationally indeterminate’ output. This is because materialistic reductionism asserts the contingency of PCP upon the existence of a direct interaction between ‘s’ and ‘N’ within the NR/di1 level, but in the special case of Weber’s sub-threshold psychophysical stimulation the same PCP/di1 also asserts the non-existence of ‘s’ (as demanded by Weber’s psychophysical law). However, given robust empirical evidence indicating the capability of PCP to determine whether (or not) ‘s’ exists, we must conclude that PCP may not be carried out from within NR’s direct interaction between a particular psychophysical stimulation and any set of neuron/s in the brain. Hence, the Duality Principle asserts the conceptual irreducibility of sub-threshold psychophysical stimulation to any direct NR/di1: s-N interaction, thereby challenging the current materialistic-reductionistic assumption. 相似文献
8.
Slobodanka Vladiv-Glover 《Studies in East European Thought》2006,58(3):205-238
Mamardašvili’s ‘classical’ paradigm of knowledge is seen to be minimally based on extrapolations from Descartes’ classical
philosophy to which Mamardašvili attributes features that rather anticipate his own post-classical ontology. The latter is
oriented towards the primacy of perception as a subjective process, in which the self-conscious subject constructs the world,
not as illusion, but as a ‘picture’ or ‘model’ (Wittgenstein’s Bild). By examining Mamardašvili’s definition of the ‘phenomenon’ against the␣background of Husserl’s ‘reduction’, Wittgenstein’s
‘object’ and the Freudian and post-structuralist psychoanalytic model of subjectivity, the paper arrives at the inference
that Mamardašvili is essentially a post-Structuralist thinker who appropriates concepts from various critical and philosophical
disciplines to construct his own multi-disciplinary theory of consciousness and perception. 相似文献
9.
Matthew Ratcliffe 《Synthese》2011,178(1):121-130
This paper addresses Bas van Fraassen’s claim that empiricism is a ‘stance’. I begin by distinguishing two different kinds
of stance: an explicit epistemic policy and an implicit way of ‘finding oneself in a world’. At least some of van Fraassen’s
claims, I suggest, refer to the latter. In explicating his ordinarily implicit ‘empirical stance’, he assumes the stance of
the phenomenologist, describing the structure of his commitment to empiricism without committing to it in the process. This
latter stance does not incorporate the attitude that van Fraassen takes to be characteristic of empiricism. Thus its possibility
serves to illustrate that empiricism as an all-encompassing philosophical orientation is untenable. I conclude by discussing the part played by feelings in philosophical stances and
propose that they contribute to philosophical conviction, commitment and critique. 相似文献
10.
Dominika Yaneva 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2006,37(2):333-353
Summary The validity of three premises, set as foundational pillars of modern sociological approach to science, is contested, namely:
(i) the postulate, stating that science is devoid of whatever generis specifical; (ii) it is liable to the usual empirical study; (iii) the practicing scientist’s self-reflexive judgements must be disbelieved
and rejected. Contrariwise, the ignored so far quaint nature of knowledge, escaping even from the elementary empirical treating
- discernment and observation – is revealed and demonstrated. This peculiar nature requires, accordingly, a specific meta-cognitive
dealing for positing it as ‘empirical object’, unfortunately missed still by the Strong Programme. The inadequate approach
adopted led to a substitution of ‘scientific’ for common knowledge. The tacit thus far alternative, setting the foundations
of meta-science, is suggested. 相似文献
11.
Sascia Pavan 《Erkenntnis》2010,73(2):145-163
In the first exposition of the doctrine of indeterminacy of translation, Quine asserted that the individuation and translation
of truth-functional sentential connectives like ‘and’, ‘or’, ‘not’ are not indeterminate. He changed his mind later on, conjecturing
that some sentential connectives might be interpreted in different non-equivalent ways. This issue has not been debated much
by Quine, or in the subsequent literature, it is, as it were, an unsolved problem, not well understood. For the sake of the
argument, I will adopt Quine’s background assumption that all the semantic features of a language can be reduced to the speakers’
dispositions toward assent and dissent, as far as only the truth-conditional core of the meaning of sentences is concerned.
I will put forward an argument to the effect that the speech dispositions of most, if not all, English (French, Italian, etc.)
speakers constrain a unique translation of their connectives. This argument crucially relies on an empirical conjecture concerning
the behaviour of these operators. 相似文献
12.
P. Pollard 《Current Psychology》1981,1(1):21-29
This paper concerns the differential effects of use of ‘thematic’, rather than abstract (symbolic), content on the ‘Wason
selection task’. An effect of thematic content has been reported several times, originally by Wason & Shapiro (1971), but
Manktelow & Evans (1979) report five experiments that failed to obtain an effect and argue against the validity of the content
effect in general. However, it is pointed out that four of their experiments use a novel content and that there are previous
reports of non-effective content in the literature. It is concluded that a particular type of thematic content cannot be treated
as a ‘random sample’ of thematic content in general, and that their argument thus rests upon their failure to produce an effect
of the specific (’towns and transport’) content used by Wason and Shapiro. This produces an essentially empirical controversy
which is settled in two ways. First, Manktelow and Evans’s criticisms of two previous replications are shown to be misleading.
Second, an experiment is reported that exactly copies the Wason and Shapiro design and produces a significant effect of content.
It is concluded that the Manktelow and Evans result most probably was due to a Type 2 error. Finally, a hypothesis is developed
to account for both the effect of certain types of content and the lack of effect of others, including that used in Manktelow
and Evans’s first four experiments. 相似文献
13.
Boudewijn de Bruin 《Synthese》2008,163(1):79-97
Using epistemic logic, we provide a non-probabilistic way to formalise payoff uncertainty, that is, statements such as ‘player
i has approximate knowledge about the utility functions of player j.’ We show that on the basis of this formalisation common knowledge of payoff uncertainty and rationality (in the sense of
excluding weakly dominated strategies, due to Dekel and Fudenberg (1990)) characterises a new solution concept we have called
‘mixed iterated strict weak dominance.’ 相似文献
14.
15.
Stephen Finlay 《Philosophical Studies》2009,143(3):315-340
This paper advances a reductive semantics for ‘ought’ and a naturalistic theory of normativity. It gives a unified analysis
of predictive, instrumental, and categorical uses of ‘ought’: the predictive ‘ought’ is basic, and is interpreted in terms
of probability. Instrumental ‘oughts’ are analyzed as predictive ‘oughts’ occurring under an ‘in order that’ modifer (the
end-relational theory). The theory is then extended to categorical uses of ‘ought’: it is argued that they are special rhetorical
uses of the instrumental ‘ought’. Plausible conversational principles explain how this end-relational ‘ought’ can perform
the expressive functions of the moral ‘ought’. The notion of an ‘ought-simpliciter’ is also discussed.
相似文献
Stephen FinlayEmail: |
16.
Michael Stöltzner 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》1999,30(2):289-316
On Two Types of Realism in Quantum Theory. Current realist approaches to the foundations of quantum theory emphasize the dichotomy
between (Copenhagen) positivism and ‘beable’-realism. Recently it was even attempted to turn this picture into two (equally
possible) histories in order to legitimate Bohmian Mechanics as a viable alternative. This paper argues that this dichotomy
is philosophically inadequate and historically questionable by embedding it into the philosophical discussion on positivism
and realism that has taken place since the 1920s. Logical Empiricists back then advocated empirical realism and contrasted
it to absolutistic metaphysical realism. From this viewpoint David Bohm's ‘beable’-realism combines elements of Mach's sensualism
with a pre-Kantian metaphysics. As Wesley Salmon's position shows, empirical realism can become quite pronounced without relapsing
into Bohmian philosophy. Instead it arrives close to the GRWP-interpretation. Hence, when Bernard d'Espagnat binds both together
as ‘ontological interpretations’, he blurs the borderline between empirical and metaphysical realism that his Veiled Reality
has set out to draw, quite in concordance with Logical Empiricism.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
This study aims to investigate the utility of the Contextual Model of Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) to explain the
relationship among the domains of HRQOL with a diverse, population-based sample of breast cancer survivors (BCS). We employed
a cross-sectional design to investigate HRQOL among 703 multiethnic, population-based BCS. The study methodology was guided
by the Contextual Model of HRQOL. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was conducted to assess the hypothesized model. SEM identified
significant relationships among the bio-psychological domain (general health status, cancer-related factors, and psychological
factors), the cultural-socio-ecological domain (health care satisfaction, socio-ecological factor, and socio-economic status),
and HRQOL. The best fitting model indicates direct pathways from ‘general health status’, ‘years since diagnosis’, ‘health
care satisfaction’ and ‘socio-ecological factor’ to ‘HRQOL’ variables. Additionally, ‘socio-ecological factor’ and ‘socio-economic
status’ variables were indirectly associated with HRQOL through ‘general health status’. Findings suggest that the Contextual
Model of HRQOL adds valid factors to explain overall HRQOL and increases our understanding of the socio-ecological dimensions
predicting HRQOL outcomes. The revelation of inter-relations among the dimensions of HRQOL may inform the translational and
clinical utility of the HRQOL construct.
Dr. Kimlin T. Ashing-Giwa is professor and director of the Center of Community Alliance for Research and Education (CCARE) at City of Hope. She received her doctorate in clinical psychology from the University of Colorado-Boulder. Her scholarship and life work is to understand and investigate how culture, ethnicity, ecological and systemic context influence health outcomes. Currently, she is developing and implementing community participatory interventions to reduce the risk and burden of chronic illness, in particular cancer. Dr. Jung-won Lim is a research fellow of the CCARE at City of Hope. She received her doctorate from the University of Southern California, School of Social Work. Her research focuses on adjustment and quality of life among patients with chronic physical illness and their family. She is currently conducting studies related to health beliefs, health behaviors, and quality of life among breast cancer survivors. 相似文献
Jung-Won Lim (Corresponding author)Email: |
Dr. Kimlin T. Ashing-Giwa is professor and director of the Center of Community Alliance for Research and Education (CCARE) at City of Hope. She received her doctorate in clinical psychology from the University of Colorado-Boulder. Her scholarship and life work is to understand and investigate how culture, ethnicity, ecological and systemic context influence health outcomes. Currently, she is developing and implementing community participatory interventions to reduce the risk and burden of chronic illness, in particular cancer. Dr. Jung-won Lim is a research fellow of the CCARE at City of Hope. She received her doctorate from the University of Southern California, School of Social Work. Her research focuses on adjustment and quality of life among patients with chronic physical illness and their family. She is currently conducting studies related to health beliefs, health behaviors, and quality of life among breast cancer survivors. 相似文献
18.
E. J. Coffman 《Synthese》2006,151(2):257-272
In this paper, I consider some issues involving a certain closure principle for Structural Justification, a relation between
a cognitive subject and a proposition that’s expressed by locutions like ‘S has a source of justification for p’ and ‘p is
justifiable for S’. I begin by summarizing recent work by Peter Klein that advances the thesis that the indicated closure
principle is plausible but lacks Skeptical utility. I then assess objections to Klein’s thesis based on work by Robert Audi
and Anthony Brueckner. One finding is that the typical statement of the relevant closure principle can express a number of
different closure principles, and that recognizing this helps to resolve certain disputes. 相似文献
19.
The paper defends a combination of perdurantism with mereological universalism by developing semantics of temporary predications
of the sort ’some P is/was/will be (a) Q’. We argue that, in addition to the usual application of causal and other restrictions
on sortals, the grammatical form of such statements allows for rather different regimentations along three separate dimensions,
according to: (a) whether ‘P’ and ‘Q’ are being used as phase or substance sortal terms, (b) whether ‘is’, ‘was’, and ‘will
be’ are the ‘is’, ‘was’, ‘will be’ of identity or of constitution, and (c) whether ‘Q’ is being used as a subject or predicate
term. We conclude that this latitude is beneficial, as it conforms with linguistic reality (i.e., the multiple uses actually
in place) and also enables one to turn what is ordinarily perceived as a problem for universalist perdurantism viz., a commitment
to all sorts of weird and gerrymandered temporally extended entities, into an advantage, for the richness in questions allows
us to make sense of the many different readings of sentences of the same grammatical form. 相似文献
20.
This paper contributes towards a lay ethics of nanotechnology through an analysis of talk from focus groups designed to examine
how laypeople grapple with the meaning of a technology ‘in-the-making’. We describe the content of lay ethical concerns before
suggesting that this content can be understood as being structured by five archetypal narratives which underpin talk. These
we term: ‘the rich get richer and the poor get poorer’; ‘kept in the dark’; ‘opening Pandora’s box’; ‘messing with nature’;
and ‘be careful what you wish for’. We further suggest that these narratives can be understood as sharing an emphasis on the
‘giftedness’ of life, and that together they are used to resist dominant technoscientific and Enlightenment narratives of
control and mastery which are encapsulated by nanotechnology. 相似文献