A SURVEY OF ASSESSMENT CENTER PRACTICES IN ORGANIZATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES

Two hundred fifteen organizations in the United States provided information about multiple aspects of their assessment centers, including design, usage, and their adherence to professional guidelines and research-based suggestions for the use of this method. Results reveal that centers are usually conducted for selection, promotion, and development purposes. Supervisor recommendation plays a sizable role in choosing center participants. Most often, line managers act as assessors; they typically arrive at participant ratings through a consensus process. In general, respondents indicate close adherence to recommendations for center design and assessor training. Recommendations involving other practices (e.g., informing participants, evaluating assessors, validating center results) are frequently not followed. Furthermore, methods thought to improve predictive validity of center ratings are underutilized. Variability in center practices according to industry and center purpose was revealed. We encourage practitioners to follow recommendations for center usage, and researchers to work to better understand moderators of center validity.     

A SURVEY OF EXECUTIVE COACHING PRACTICES

Despite the ubiquity of executive coaching interventions in business organizations, there is little uniformity in the practices (e.g., assessment tools, scientific or philosophical approaches, activities, goals, and outcome evaluation methods) of executive coaches. Addressing the ongoing debate about the role of psychology in executive coaching, we compare the practices of psychologist and nonpsychologist coaches, as well as the practices of coaches from various psychological disciplines (e.g., counseling, clinical, and industrial/organizational). Results of surveys completed by 428 coaches (256 nonpsychologists, 172 psychologists) revealed as many differences between psychologists of differing disciplines as were found between psychologist and nonpsychologist coaches. Moreover, differences between psychologists and nonpsychologists were generally small (average d = .26). Our survey also revealed some differences in the key competencies identified by psychologist and nonpsychologist coaches.     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN GRADUATE TRAINING, PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATION, AND INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT PRACTICES FOR PERSONNEL DECISIONS

Survey data on 321 psychologists who conduct individual assessments were analyzed to compare practices and opinions of those with differing graduate training (I/O or non-I/O) and professional affiliation (SIOP or non-SIOP). Differences in practice on the basisof training and affiliation occur in licensing, types of assessments conducted, specific testing instruments used, and knowledge of legal guidelines governing selection practices. However, when purpose of assessment was controlled for by examining only managerial selection assessments, few practice differences related to training and affiliation emerged. Implications for the training of individual assessors are discussed, and several practice variations warranting further research are presented.     

A SURVEY OF MANAGEMENT TRAINING AND EDUCATION PRACTICES IN U.S. COMPANIES

A survey was systematically developed to assess issues related to management training and education, and it was sent to 1,000 randomly selected U.S. companies with at least 1,000 employees. Based on a 61% response rate, findings were obtained regarding issues such as needs assessment, management training and development approaches, reasons for selecting particular programs, characteristics of participants, how decisions are made regarding who will participate, preparation and follow-up of participants, evaluation of management training programs, future management training trends, and needed training content. Significant findings by company size and industry type also are reported.     

OUTLIER DETECTION AND TREATMENT IN I/O PSYCHOLOGY: A SURVEY OF RESEARCHER BELIEFS AND AN EMPIRICAL ILLUSTRATION

Extreme data points, or outliers, can have a disproportionate influence on the conclusions drawn from a set of bivariate correlational data. This paper addresses two aspects of outlier detection. The results of a survey regarding how published researchers prefer to deal with outliers are presented, and a set of 183 test validity studies is examined to document the effects of different approaches to the detection and exclusion of outliers on effect size measures. The study indicates that: (a) there is disagreement among researchers as to the appropriateness of deleting data points from a study; (b) researchers report greater use of visual examination of data than of numeric diagnostic techniques for detecting outliers; and (c) while outlier removal influenced effect size measures in individual studies, outlying data points were not found to be a substantial source of variance in a large test validity data set.     

ASSESSMENT OF MOTION AS INFLUENCED BY STRUCTURE OF BACKGROUND

G ottsdanker , R. Assessment of motion as influenced by structure of background. Scand. J. Psychol ., 1962, 3 , 122–128.—Detection of target acceleration was improved by having a near landmark in addition to the surrounding frame. Adding landmarks, even within the course of motion, brought no further gain. Evidently, rate is not assessed by estimating time taken to cover known distances. Best performance was found when fine background marks were near enough together to form a texture, but not if it was perfectly uniform. It is suggested that the advantage provided both by the near point and the texture is the indirect one of stabilizing space. This effect is conceived of as graded, reaching its ultimate value in a textured surface.     

EVALUATION OF COMPONENTS OF RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT BY MEDICAID ICF-MR SURVEYS: A VALIDITY ASSESSMENT

We evaluated the proficiency of the federal Medicaid program's survey process for evaluating intermediate care facilities for the mentally retarded. In Study 1, an observational analysis of active treatment during leisure times in living units suggested that these surveys did not discriminate between certified and noncertified units. In Study 2, a reactivity analysis of a survey indicated that direct-care staff performed differently during the survey by increasing interactions with clients and decreasing nonwork behavior. Similarly, results of Study 3 showed increases in client access to leisure materials during a survey. In Study 4, questionnaire results indicated considerable variability among service providers' opinions on the consistency, accuracy, and objectivity with which survey teams determine agency standard compliance. Results are discussed regarding effects of the questionable proficiency of survey processes and the potential utility of behavioral assessment methodologies to improve such processes.     

A versatile microcomputer I/O interface

Interfacing microcomputers to control experiments requires the use of various types of programmable integrated-circuit chips. A versatile interface which permits control between the interface chips and various experimental devices is described.     

A bit-addressable I/O interface for microcomputers

An input/output (I/O) interface design based on the 6522 VIA is described. This design is enhanced with additional circuitry to provide such features as latched input, bit-addressable I/O line control, and provisions for expansion.     

ASSESSMENT OF SELF-INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR MAINTAINED BY ACCESS TO SELF-RESTRAINT MATERIALS

This study replicates and extends prior research showing that access to self-restraint materials can reinforce self-injurious behavior (SIB). A functional analysis was conducted showing that SIB occurred at differentially high rates when access to restraint materials (a leather jacket) was made contingent on the behavior. In addition, an alone condition during the functional analysis showed that SIB did not occur in the absence of restraint materials. Finally, a treatment analysis showed that functional communication training was effective using an alternative reinforcer.     

FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS AND EXTINCTION OF DIFFERENT BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS EXHIBITED BY THE SAME INDIVIDUAL

Specific extinction procedures were matched to the function of two target behaviors displayed by the same individual, with results indicating that the matched extinction procedure suppressed the behavior for which it was designed. One of the target behaviors was exposed to an irrelevant extinction procedure, which produced no beneficial effects. These results support previous research indicating the need to match extinction procedures to the function of problem behavior.     

ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT OF DESTRUCTIVE BEHAVIOR MAINTAINED BY STEREOTYPIC OBJECT MANIPULATION

In the current investigation, 2 participants with mental retardation displayed property destruction and stereotypy, and both responses involved the same materials (e.g., breaking and tapping plastic objects). Three experiments were conducted (a) to indirectly assess the functions of these two responses, (b) to determine their relation to one another, and (c) to develop a treatment to reduce the more serious behavior, property destruction. In Experiment 1, previously destroyed materials were either present or absent, and their presence reduced property destruction but not stereotypy. In Experiment 2, matched toys (ones that produced sensory stimulation similar to stereotypy) were either present or absent, or were replaced by unmatched toys (for 1 participant). Matched toys produced large reductions and unmatched toys produced small reductions in property destruction and stereotypy. In Experiment 3, attempts to pick up undestroyed objects were either blocked or not blocked while matched toys were continuously available. Response blocking reduced property destruction (and attempts), prevented stereotypy, and increased manipulation of matched toys. These results suggest that the two aberrant responses formed a chain (e.g., breaking and then tapping the object), which was maintained by the sensory consequences (e.g., auditory stimulation) of the terminal response, and that previously destroyed material or matched toys made the initial response (property destruction) unnecessary.     

A versatile memory-mapped I/O interface for microcomputers

An inexpensive and easy-to-bulid input/output interface capable of driving the electromechanical loads (relays, solenoids, dc motors, etc.) and incandescent lamps is described. The interface hardware is based on the Commodore VIC-20 microcomputer. The design is adaptable to most 8-bit microcomputers.     

A simple IBM I/O Selectric typewriter controller

A simple inexpensive IBM I/O Selectric typewriter controller is described. The board plugs into an RS-232 port and enables letter-quality output. Computers with editing capabilities can therefore be used as word processors for as little as $35, about 8 h of labor, and the cost of the typewriter. The controller is a firmware-governed microprocessor, and as a result, it is easily tailored for special applications. Hardware and software are discussed.     

A parallel breakout box for I/O monitoring

The construction and use of a parallel breakout box for input/output (I/O) monitoring is discussed. A standard chip for I/O is used along with circuitry, light-emitting diodes, and switches to allow researchers to simulate the running of computer-controlled experiments.