知识异质性对知识型团队创造力的影响机制:基于互动认知的视角

知识型团队的创造力不仅受到团队知识异质性和成员创造力的影响,同时还取决于团队成员之间的认知互动过程。通过391份知识型团队的领导与成员的配对问卷调查,从互动认知的视角,采用多层线性模型分析了认知冲突和任务知识协调对知识异质性与团队及其成员创造力之间关系的影响。研究结果表明,认知冲突在知识异质性和团队及其成员创造力之间有着显著的中介作用;任务知识协调则调节了知识异质性对团队及其成员创造力的影响。当任务知识协调水平高时,知识异质性与团队及其成员的创造力之间的关系均正向显著;当任务知识协调水平低时,知识异质性与团队创造力之间呈倒U型关系,但与个体成员创造力之间的关系并不显著。     

满招损,谦受益:团队沟通视角下谦卑型领导行为对团队创造力的影响

谦卑型领导行为是近年来新兴的领导力理论,团队创造力也一直是学界和实践界关注的焦点,但是目前缺乏深入探讨二者关系的研究。本文基于团队沟通视角,研究了谦卑型领导行为对团队创造力的影响机制及其发挥作用的边界条件。对76位团队领导和342位团队成员的匹配数据进行分析后,结果显示:谦卑型领导行为对团队创造力有积极影响;团队成员之间横向的深度沟通以及团队成员与团队领导之间纵向的反馈沟通共同中介了这一影响过程;此外,团队认知多样性是影响谦卑型领导行为发挥作用的重要边界条件,在高团队认知多样性的情境中,谦卑型领导行为通过团队沟通过程对团队创造力的积极影响更加显著。     

差异化变革型领导对知识分享与团队创造力的影响:社会网络机制的解释

差异化变革型领导是团队领导领域的最新议题,现有的研究局限于探讨其社会心理方面的作用机制。本文从社会网络机制出发解释差异化变革型领导对团队知识分享及团队创造力的影响。基于65家企业的225个工作团队样本的结构方程模型分析表明,团队一致性变革型领导正向影响团队交流网络密度从而提高团队知识分享;个体差异性变革型领导正向影响团队成员交流网络密度差异性从而降低团队知识分享;团队知识分享正向影响团队创造力。本文的证据表明,在中国情境下,差异性团队领导行为不利于创造稠密的团队交流网络,以及团队知识分享,从而不利于提升团队创造力水平。     

谦卑型和自恋型领导:跨文化组织管理的视角

谦卑型领导和自恋型领导的概念差异体现在在自我认识、对待他人态度、动机、情绪、行为方式等方面。并且,谦卑型领导和自恋型领导在管理员工、团队、组织方面分别存在优势和劣势,谦卑型领导和自恋型领导之间存在相互独立且共存的关系。基于跨文化管理的视角,研究显示谦卑型领导和自恋型领导存在潜在的文化差异,且具有不同的形成基础,并在内隐领导理论上存在差异,最后,二者均是文化适应性的结果。未来研究可关注谦卑型领导和自恋型领导内涵的文化特异性、前因变量、研究方法、文化动态建构和文化认同强度等问题。     

中国家族企业成长中差序式领导对员工及团队创造力的影响:一个跨层次跟踪研究

在动态复杂的环境中,组织如何保持创造力是学者们一直关注的重点。而对于面临转型困境的中国家族企业而言,基于家族逻辑而形成的内外有别的差序式领导风格和基于企业逻辑而要求的组织持续创新看似会存在矛盾,如何看待这两者之间的作用过程对于家族企业顺利转型至关重要。基于此,本研究试图从员工心理和团队互动两个层面来建构差序式领导影响员工及团队创造力的动态过程。本研究的特色表现在:(1)采取跨层次的纵向跟踪设计,揭示中国家族企业成长历程中差序式领导从影响员工个体创造力到团队创造力之间的动态过程;(2)从员工的动机、认知和情感三个视角看待差序式领导影响员工创造力的心理历程,并重点考察中国传统的"忍"与"报"的心理在员工发挥创造力时的作用;(3)不仅从成员互动的视角,还从网络结构的视角看待差序式领导影响团队创造力的互动历程;(4)厘清差序式领导影响员工创造力的不同情境,为家族企业根据不同情况进行管理提供借鉴。     

家长式领导对多层面创造力的作用机制

作为一种具有中国文化特色的领导模式, 家长式领导对多层面的创造力均有显著影响。基于对以往实证研究的分析, 文章针对家长式领导及其维度与多层面创造力之间的直接关系、交互效应、调节效应与作用机制等问题进行了梳理与阐述, 构建了“家长式领导影响员工及团队创造力的作用机制”模型; 进而指出, 家长式领导对员工创造力的作用受到工作情境、个体因素的调节效应并有赖于个体心理认知和社会关系的中介作用, 它还以团队认知和团队互动为中介作用于团队创造力。未来研究应努力拓展研究层次, 丰富研究方法, 并从跨文化视角系统探索家长式领导对多层面创造力的作用机制。     

社会网络视角下团队领导齐美尔网络中介对团队合作的影响

团队内子群体可能引发分化、冲突,甚至导致团队分崩离析。以往研究忽视了团队领导这一关键个体,未能充分揭示其在子群体间的直接协调过程,更缺乏对领导-子群体-团队三方关系的深度解析。鉴于此,本文拟基于社会网络视角,引入团队领导齐美尔网络中介这一概念(即团队领导作为两个或多个子群体之间的中介人),探讨团队领导对子群体冲突的调和从而实现团队合作的过程机制。本文扩展了子群体领域研究,也为提升团队管理及团队领导效能提供了理论借鉴和实践指导。     

绿色变革型领导对团队绿色行为的影响:基于社会认知视角的本土探索

本研究检验了绿色变革型领导对团队绿色行为的影响,并从社会认知的视角探索团队绿色自我效能的中介作用和团队集体主义氛围的调节作用。对104份团队数据进行分析,结果发现:绿色变革型领导与团队绿色行为呈正相关,团队绿色自我效能在上述过程中起着部分中介作用;团队集体主义氛围正向调节了团队绿色自我效能与团队绿色行为的直接关系,以及绿色变革型领导与团队绿色行为之间经由团队绿色自我效能的间接效应。本研究的结果能够为如何管理团队绿色行为提供启发。     

绿色变革型领导对团队绿色行为的影响： 基于社会认知视角的本土探索

随着环境问题日益严峻,如何鼓励和引导组织中的绿色行为已逐渐成为领导者的使命。本研究检验了绿色变革型领导对团队绿色行为的影响,并从社会认知的视角探索团队绿色自我效能的中介作用和集体主义气氛的调节作用。对104份团队数据进行回归分析,结果发现：绿色变革型领导与团队绿色行为呈正相关,团队绿色自我效能在上述过程中起着部分中介作用;集体主义气氛正向调节了团队绿色自我效能与团队绿色行为的直接关系,以及绿色变革型领导与团队绿色行为之间经由团队绿色自我效能的间接效应。本研究的结果能为如何管理团队绿色行为提供启发。     

领导创造力期望对团队创造力的影响

拥有大量极富创造力的项目团队是企业适应复杂环境、应对激烈竞争的关键。本研究基于规范参照群体理论和团队知识创造的过程导向理论,对116位团队领导及其下属的568位团队成员开展跨时间点数据收集。研究结果表明,团队领导的创造力期望显著促进团队知识交换行为和边界跨越行为。团队知识交换行为直接有助于促进团队创造力,而团队边界跨越行为对团队创造力的直接影响并不显著。团队领导的创造力角色认同对团队边界跨越行为与团队创造力间的关系具有显著调节作用。具体而言,当团队领导的创造力角色认同水平较低时,团队边界跨越行为对团队创造力具有负向影响。本研究揭示了团队领导影响团队创造力的认知机制和边界条件,为企业有效提升团队创造力提供了重要对策建议。     

Meeting the need or falling in line? The effect of laissez-faire formal leaders on informal leadership

We consider the utility of two contrasting theoretical perspectives in explaining how laissez-faire formal leaders and team member motivation to lead (MTL) influences informal leadership and team task performance. The first perspective, functional leadership theory, is the dominant lens used currently to understand informal leadership. However, we suggest that social learning theory offers a compelling alternative account. In a multiwave survey study of 344 members of 72 work teams, we find support for the social learning theory predictions that laissez-faire formal leaders are perceived by team members to engage in less modeling of effective leadership and as a result are negatively associated with informal leadership and team task performance. We do not find support for the functional leadership theory predictions that laissez-faire formal leaders are positively associated with team members’ informal leadership and team task performance, which would be due to an increased perceived need for leadership. The social learning effects are stronger for teams that are lower in member MTL and weaker for teams that are higher in member MTL. These results suggest social learning theory may be preferable to functional leadership theory for understanding informal leadership in teams.     

CEO Ideational Facilitation Leadership and Team Creativity: The Mediating Role of Knowledge Sharing

The development of new ventures is often based on collective creative efforts. We conceptualize team creativity as a process of looking for and exploring new solutions and examine whether and how CEO leadership fosters creativity in top management teams (TMT). Data collected from senior executive teams indicate that CEO ideational facilitation leadership is positively related to team knowledge sharing, which in turn results in enhanced team exploratory behaviors. These findings bear important theoretical implications for ways in which leaders can enhance creativity in teams and augment the entrepreneurial direction of executive teams.     

Leader Network Centrality and Team Performance: Team Size as Moderator and Collaboration as Mediator

The social network perspective provides a valuable lens to understand the effectiveness of team leaders. In understanding leadership impact in team networks, an important question concerns the structural influence of leader centrality in advice-giving networks on team performance. Taking the inconsistent evidence for the positive relationship of network centrality and leadership effectiveness as a starting point, we suggest that the positive impact of leader centrality in advice-giving networks is contingent on team needs for leadership to meet communication and coordination challenges, which we argue are larger in larger teams. Developing our analysis, we examine the mediating role of member collaboration in the relationship of leader network centrality and team performance as moderated by team size. Based on a multi-source dataset of 542 employees and 71 team leaders, we found that leader centrality in advice-giving networks related positively to team performance in larger teams but negatively in smaller teams. Results supported the mediated moderation model via member collaboration in smaller teams, but not in larger teams.

     

Fostering team creativity: Perspective taking as key to unlocking diversity's potential

Despite the clear importance of team creativity for organizations, the conditions that foster it are not very well understood. Even though diversity, especially diversity of perspectives and knowledge, is frequently argued to stimulate higher creativity in teams, empirical findings on this relationship remain inconsistent. We have developed a theoretical model in which the effect of a team's diversity on its creativity is moderated by the degree to which team members engage in perspective taking. We propose that perspective taking helps realize the creative benefits of diversity of perspectives by fostering information elaboration. Results of a laboratory experiment support the hypothesized interaction between diversity and perspective taking on team creativity. Diverse teams performed more creatively than homogeneous teams when they engaged in perspective taking, but not when they were not instructed to take their team members' perspectives. Team information elaboration was found to mediate this moderated effect and was associated with a stronger indirect effect than mere information sharing or task conflict. Our results point to perspective taking as an important mechanism to unlock diversity's potential for team creativity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).     

Centrality and charisma: comparing how leader networks and attributions affect team performance

When leaders interact in teams with their subordinates, they build social capital that can have positive effects on team performance. Does this social capital affect team performance because subordinates come to see the leader as charismatic? We answered this question by examining 2 models. First, we tested the charisma-to-centrality model according to which the leader's charisma facilitates the occupation of a central position in the informal advice network. From this central position, the leader positively influences team performance. Second, we examined the centrality-to-charisma model according to which charisma is attributed to those leaders who are socially active in terms of giving and receiving advice. Attributed charisma facilitates increased team performance. We tested these 2 models in 2 different studies. In the first study, based on time-separated, multisource data emanating from members of 56 work teams, we found support for the centrality-to-charisma model. Formal leaders who were central within team advice networks were seen as charismatic by subordinates, and this charisma was associated with high team performance. To clarify how leader network centrality affected the emergence of charismatic leadership, we designed Study 2 in which, for 79 student teams, we measured leader networking activity and leader charisma at 2 different points in time and related these variables to team performance measured at a third point in time. On the basis of this temporally separated data set, we again found support for the centrality-to-charisma model.     

Different roles of shared and vertical leadership in promoting team creativity: Cultivating and synthesizing team members’ individual creativity

Drawing on the componential model of creativity (Amabile), we examined how shared leadership and a formally appointed leader's transformational leadership jointly cultivate team creativity in two studies. We conducted an experiment with a sample of 109 undergraduate students (32 teams) enrolled in a business plan competition (Study 1) and a field survey based on multisource, time-lagged data collected from 251 full-time employees working on 64 research and development teams (Study 2). The results from both studies revealed that shared leadership enhanced team members’ individual creative self-efficacy and individual creativity, which in turn improved team creativity. Moreover, the results from Study 2 showed that a formally appointed leader's use of different transformational leadership behaviors had different impacts on individual and team creativity. Individual-focused transformational leadership strengthened the positive effect of shared leadership on team members’ average individual creativity, whereas group-focused transformational leadership facilitated the translation of teams with high average individual creativity into teams with high levels of team creativity. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.     

A Multilevel Model of Team Cultural Diversity and Creativity: The Role of Climate for Inclusion

We developed a multi‐level model to test how team cultural diversity may relate to team‐ and individual‐level creativity, integrating team diversity research and information‐exchange perspective. We proposed that the team climate for inclusion would moderate both the relationship between cultural diversity and team information sharing and between cultural diversity and employee information elaboration. We collected time‐lagged data from 384 members and their leaders within 57 multicultural work teams. The results showed that team cultural diversity was positively related to both team creativity and individual creativity through team information sharing and employee information elaboration, respectively. We also found that the indirect positive relationship with team creativity and individual creativity was stronger for team cultural diversity when climate for inclusion of multicultural work teams was stronger.     

Transformational and transactional leaderships,empowerment climate,and innovation performance: A multilevel analysis in the Chinese context

Innovation through creativity is an important factor in the success and competitive advantage of organizations. Theory and research suggest that both leadership and organizational climate have important consequences for individual creativity. However, researchers have rarely considered the interactive effects of leadership and organizational climate. This study taking a “Substitute for Leadership” perspective, develops and tests the idea that empowerment climate affect the relationship between leadership and followers' creative performance. Data were collected from 93 teams, including 465 team members and 93 team supervisors, in a large multinational company based in China. Hierarchical linear modelling was used to examine the hypothesized cross-level model. As expected, transformational leadership and team empowerment climate were positively related to subordinates' creative performance and transactional leadership was negatively related to subordinates' creative performance. In addition, the relationship between leadership and subordinates' creative performance was moderated by team empowerment climate. The study resulted in the implication of several major variables for explaining individual creativity in the Chinese context.     

Openness to Experience and Team Creativity: Effects of Knowledge Sharing and Transformational Leadership

This study extends the research on the creative work process in teams by integrating personality traits, knowledge-sharing behavior, and transformational leadership. Analyses of multisource data from 347 members of 53 creative teams in 26 firms reveal the associations between heterogeneity of openness to experience in teams and team creativity (i.e., idea generation and idea development). Further, knowledge sharing mediated the relationships between personality heterogeneity and team creativity. Transformational leadership amplified the relationship between personality heterogeneity and idea development. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.