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睡眠问题在现代社会的职场人士中日益严重,受到研究者广泛关注。本文基于近年来国内外重要的实证研究,对工作场所中睡眠问题的界定、测量、影响因素与影响后果进行了系统梳理。总体来看,研究者主要从睡眠时长、睡眠质量两个维度衡量个体睡眠情况,并通过客观的仪器记录和主观的自我报告两种方式进行测量。影响个体睡眠情况的因素可分为环境因素、认知因素和行为因素三类,同时不良的睡眠情况又会对员工的心理层面与行为层面产生消极影响,引发组织偏离行为和工作事故等。未来的研究可深入探讨睡眠的研究方法,关注纵向设计与实验室实验等方法,并着眼于影响睡眠的因素与相关调节变量,为管理政策的制定提出意见,同时关注高龄工作者的睡眠问题以及工作–家庭冲突对睡眠的影响。 相似文献
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睡眠是个体身心健康发展的重要保障。学前期的睡眠问题可能会对儿童的行为、认知、语言和健康等诸多方面产生负面影响。研究表明, 睡眠呼吸障碍、夜间睡眠不足以及入睡困难等睡眠问题是学前儿童语言障碍的潜在威胁性因素。学者们提出了睡眠记忆巩固假说、警觉性假说和突触稳态假说来解释睡眠问题影响学前儿童语言发展的内在机制。这些研究结果为语言障碍的早期干预提供了一种新思路, 即通过行为干预、药物治疗、手术治疗和游戏干预等睡眠问题干预方式来提高学前儿童的语言能力。未来的研究可以进一步深入分析睡眠问题与语言障碍相关联的内在机制, 了解不同年龄段儿童睡眠问题与语言能力的关系, 以及探究融合教育背景下有效的游戏干预方式。 相似文献
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身体活动不仅有助于提高人的生理机能, 还具有改善心境、调节情绪的功能。有规律的身体活动不仅能够增强个体的积极情绪, 提升幸福感和自尊感, 也可以缓解消极情绪、矫治情绪障碍。关于身体活动对情绪影响的脑神经机制, 研究者先后提出神经递质假说、大脑可塑性假说、前额叶偏侧化假说和双模型假说。进一步的研究需要控制运动强度对身体活动情绪效益的影响, 比较不同类型身体活动的情绪调节效果, 同时考察基因、神经生长及社会互动等因素对情绪的交互作用。 相似文献
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本研究采用单因素被试内设计对清晨唤醒后睡眠惰性对个体主观情绪、警觉性和认知加工的影响,以及利用动态黎明模拟光照能否对睡眠惰性产生有效的对抗作用进行了考察。结果发现:(1)被试的积极情绪、主观警觉性在刚唤醒时显著低于基线水平,之后随时间推移逐渐提升。(2)被试醒后立即进行测试的认知加工成绩最差,随后逐渐提高,且主要表现在加工速度的回升上。(3)黎明模拟光照对被试醒后在积极情绪、主观警觉性、持续性注意和抑制功能的缓解上产生了明显的促进作用。这表明睡眠惰性会对个体的主客观活动产生显著的负性影响,而使用黎明模拟光照可在一定程度上对抗睡眠惰性带来的负性影响。 相似文献
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认知神经科学的迅速发展使得研究者对大脑的功能有了深刻的认识。近些年来, 研究者对大脑在进行外在注意任务时产生的负激活有了更多的了解, 默认网络(Default Mode Network)的概念被提出, 并引起了很多神经科学家的关注, 关于默认网络的相关理论也已提出。当前综述对默认网络的研究历史, 概念理论, 个体和种系发展, 及其与疾病的关系以及临床应用等方面进行了概括总结。未来研究可从默认网络的个体发展, 种系差异, 与其他大脑网络(如注意网络, 视觉网络, 执行控制网络)的关系以及与具体疾病的关系等角度入手进行研究, 共同来探讨默认网络的神经机制。 相似文献
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学习判断是元认知判断的一种重要形式,是个体对随后的记忆成绩的预测。当个体在多次学习-测验任务中学习词对时,学习判断出现了练习伴随低估效应。研究者对此进行了大量的实验并提出了多种理论,如线索应用模型,提取流畅性假说和基点-校正假说。但是,Koriat等人通过分析发现练习伴随低估效应可能不是单一因素作用的结果,而是多种效应共同影响作用的表现,并由此提出了记忆去偏差假说。文章指出了目前研究中还存在的问题以及未来研究的方向 相似文献
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腹式呼吸和人格对心率变异性(时域)的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
1 前言心率变异性 (HRV)分析 ,是一种无创的反映植物神经系统功能的检查方法 ,它反映自主神经系统对心血管系统的调控 ,是目前评价心脏自主神经功能失调的有效方法 ,对指导疾病的治疗及判断某些疾病的预后有重要价值。A型人格在一定程度上影响个体的心率变异性 ,Madi ganMF等人 (1997)研究表明 ,A型人格的个体在愤怒情绪的影响下 ,即使是在实验室睡眠期间 ,也表现出较大的心率变异性。还有研究表明 ,A、B型人格的个体在交感、迷走神经平衡方面存在显著差异 ,A型人格的个体表现出交感神经活动占优势 ,心迷走神经功能减弱。有的研究者也… 相似文献
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情绪加工老化效应的神经机制 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
行为学研究发现,老年人对消极情绪的辨别、注意和记忆都有所下降,而对积极情绪并未表现出类似的现象。情绪加工老化效应的神经影像学研究发现,老年人在情绪加工过程中边缘系统(尤其杏仁核)的激活强度低于年轻人,但额叶皮层区域的激活却有所增强。研究者对该结果提出了两种假说,一种是功能代偿假说,另一种是策略改变假说。功能代偿假说认为老年人额叶皮层区域的激活增强是为了弥补边缘系统功能的下降,反映了大脑功能的代偿;策略改变假说认为老年人主动使用了不同于年轻人的策略,情绪加工方式的不同导致了两组人群大脑活动的差异。未来这方面研究可以从研究层面、研究方法、研究问题等方面逐步完善 相似文献
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鉴于阅读起始于基础视觉加工阶段, 越来越多的研究者开始关注阅读障碍者的视觉空间注意加工能力。视觉空间注意是指个体对视觉刺激的空间位置的注意, 可通过线索提示、视觉搜索和视觉注意广度等视觉任务来考察。大量国内外研究发现, 发展性阅读障碍者在视觉空间注意任务下表现出行为和神经活动方面的异常。其中的神经机制问题不仅反映在与视觉空间注意有关的顶叶区域激活异常, 还存在于脑区间功能连接异常(如顶叶区域与字形加工区的功能连接)。未来研究还需利用横断和追踪研究探讨阅读障碍与视觉空间注意能力发展关系的内在机制, 以及探究语言特性对阅读障碍者视觉空间注意缺陷的可能调节作用。 相似文献
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A long history of research has revealed many neurophysiological changes and concomitant behavioral impacts of sleep deprivation, sleep restriction, and circadian rhythms. Little research, however, has been conducted in the area of computational cognitive modeling to understand the information processing mechanisms through which neurobehavioral factors operate to produce degradations in human performance. Our approach to understanding this relationship is to link predictions of overall cognitive functioning, or alertness, from existing biomathematical models to information processing parameters in a cognitive architecture, leveraging the strengths from each to develop a more comprehensive explanation. The integration of these methodologies is used to account for changes in human performance on a sustained attention task across 88 h of total sleep deprivation. The integrated model captures changes due to time awake and circadian rhythms, and it also provides an account for underlying changes in the cognitive processes that give rise to those effects. The results show the potential for developing mechanistic accounts of how fatigue impacts cognition, and they illustrate the increased explanatory power that is possible by combining theoretical insights from multiple methodologies. 相似文献
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《The Journal of genetic psychology》2013,174(1):34-43
T. S. Braver and colleagues (e.g., T. S. Braver, J. D. Cohen, &; D. M. Barch, 2002) have provided a theory of cognitive control that focuses on the role of context processing. According to their theory, an underlying context-processing mechanism is responsible for the cognitive control functions of attention, inhibition, and working memory. In the present study, the authors examined whether T. S. Braver et al.'s theory can account for developmental differences in cognitive control. The authors compared the performance of children (M age = 11.9 years, SD = 0.43 years) with that of young adults (M age = 21.7 years, SD = 3.61 years) on a continuous performance task (AX-CPT) that placed demands on context processing. The results suggest that developmental differences in the cognitive control functions of attention, inhibition, and working memory may be based on age-related changes in an underlying context-processing mechanism. 相似文献
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抑制控制与高级认知功能的关系 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
近年来抑制控制与高级认知功能关系的研究受到了越来越多的重视。大量实证研究表明, 抑制控制是解释工作记忆、阅读理解、液态智力等高级认知功能个体差异的一个重要机制。脑成像研究表明, 抑制控制与工作记忆和液态智力等高级认知功能都激活了前额叶和顶叶等共同脑区。同时, 认知发展和认知老化, 以及认知干预领域的研究都一致表明, 抑制控制与高级认知功能关系密切。未来研究应注意抑制控制的定义和测量问题, 以及脑机制和训练干预等方面的问题。 相似文献
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Crowley K 《Neuropsychology review》2011,21(1):41-53
A common but significant change associated with aging is a profound disruption to the daily sleep-wake cycle. It has been
estimated that as many as 50% of older adults complain about difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep. Poor sleep results
in increased risk of significant morbidity and mortality. Moreover, in younger adults, compromised sleep has been shown to
have a consistent effect on cognitive function, which may suggest that sleep problems contribute to the cognitive changes
that accompany older age. The multifactorial nature of variables affecting sleep in old age cannot be overstated. Changes
in sleep have been thought to reflect normal developmental processes, which can be further compromised by sleep disturbances
secondary to medical or psychiatric diseases (e.g., chronic pain, dementia, depression), a primary sleep disorder that can
itself be age-related (e.g., Sleep Disordered Breathing and Periodic Limb Movements During Sleep), or some combination of
any of these factors. Given that changes in sleep quality and quantity in later life have implications for quality of life
and level of functioning, it is imperative to distinguish the normal age-related sleep changes from those originating from
pathological processes. 相似文献
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使用冲突色词作为外源性线索,通过3(任务类型)×2(线索有效性)×2(色词一致性)混合设计考察认知控制对返回抑制(IOR)的影响。结果:(1)线索-靶子任务(CT)和靶子-靶子任务(TT)均产生正值IOR,CT的IOR效应量(32ms)显著大于TT(12ms)。(2)线索有效性和任务类型交互作用显著。按键反应组IOR效应量(11.85ms)显著大于颜色反应组(-18.5ms)和词意反应组(-25.65ms)。证实冲突色词在CT任务中做为线索可产生IOR,这种范式上的新尝试同样适用于TT任务。在TT任务中对认知冲突的觉察和控制导致IOR效应反转,支持注意的非盲性机制。研究为主动操纵被试对线索的认知控制程度,考察复杂任务下实施认知控制对注意定向的影响提供了一条可行途径。 相似文献
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《Cognitive behaviour therapy》2013,42(5):406-422
Several trials have demonstrated the efficacy of online cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for insomnia. However, few studies have examined putative mechanisms of change based on the cognitive model of insomnia. Identification of modifiable mechanisms by which the treatment works may guide efforts to further improve the efficacy of insomnia treatment. The current study therefore has two aims: (1) to replicate the finding that online CBT is effective for insomnia and (2) to test putative mechanism of change (i.e., safety behaviors and dysfunctional beliefs). Accordingly, we conducted a randomized controlled trial in which individuals with insomnia were randomized to either online CBT for insomnia (n = 36) or a waiting-list control group (n = 27). Baseline and posttest assessments included questionnaires assessing insomnia severity, safety behaviors, dysfunctional beliefs, anxiety and depression, and a sleep diary. Three- and six-month assessments were administered to the CBT group only. Results show moderate to large statistically significant effects of the online treatment compared to the waiting list on insomnia severity, sleep measures, sleep safety behaviors, and dysfunctional beliefs. Furthermore, dysfunctional beliefs and safety behaviors mediated the effects of treatment on insomnia severity and sleep efficiency. Together, these findings corroborate the efficacy of online CBT for insomnia, and suggest that these effects were produced by changing maladaptive beliefs, as well as safety behaviors. Treatment protocols for insomnia may specifically be enhanced by more focused attention on the comprehensive fading of sleep safety behaviors, for instance through behavioral experiments. 相似文献