安全依恋对人际信任的影响:依恋焦虑的调节效应

采用两个实验探讨了安全依恋启动对人际信任的影响,并考察了特质依恋风格的调节效应。实验1采用回忆书写任务启动安全依恋,采用3(启动分组:安全依恋启动,积极情绪启动,中性启动)×3(目标词类型:信任相关词,信任无关词,非词)混合实验设计考察了不同启动分组对信任词汇反应时的影响。结果发现,与积极情绪启动组和中性启动组相比,安全依恋启动能显著提高信任的词汇决策反应时,特质依恋焦虑起调节效应。实验2采用被试间设计,考察安全依恋启动对信任博弈任务中信任决策的影响,结果发现,安全依恋启动组被试在信任决策中分配的金额显著高于中性组被试,特质依恋焦虑起调节效应。研究结果验证了安全依恋对人际信任的"拓延–建构环"效应,对于促进社会信任的提升具有积极的现实意义。     

父母依恋对大学生人际适应的影响

应用自编大学生父母依恋问卷、亲子联结问卷、自尊量表、信任他人量表、人际能力问卷、领悟社会支持量表对251名大学生施测,对自编依恋问卷进行构想效度分析,并建立父母依恋影响大学生人际适应的路径模型。结果表明：1）大学生父母依恋问卷构想效度良好;2）父母依恋对人际能力、社会支持感知既有显著的直接效应,又以自尊、信任他人为中介产生间接效应;3）父母依恋对大学生人际适应有显著影响,依恋的内部工作模型理论具有跨文化适应性。     

婚姻满意度对儿童心理适应性的影响:成人依恋、父母情绪表达、亲子依恋的多重中介作用

对390名小学4-6年级儿童及其父母进行问卷调查,考察父母婚姻满意度对儿童心理适应性的影响,以及成人依恋、父母情绪表达和亲子依恋的多重中介作用。结果表明:父亲(母亲)婚姻满意度分别通过6条途径影响儿童心理适应性:(1)父亲(母亲)婚姻满意度通过父亲回避,父亲积极情绪表达,父子依恋安全性影响儿童心理适应性;(2)父亲(母亲)婚姻满意度通过父亲回避,母亲积极情绪表达,母子依恋安全性影响儿童心理适应性;(3)父亲(母亲)婚姻满意度通过母亲回避,父亲积极情绪表达,父子依恋安全性影响儿童心理适应性;(4)父亲(母亲)婚姻满意度通过母亲回避,父子依恋安全性影响儿童心理适应性;(5)父亲(母亲)婚姻满意度通过母亲回避,母子依恋安全性影响儿童心理适应性;(6)父亲(母亲)婚姻满意度通过母亲回避,母亲积极情绪表达,母子依恋安全性影响儿童心理适应性。     

催产素对情绪识别的影响及其机制

催产素(oxytocin)被称为“社会键(social bonds)荷尔蒙”, 时刻影响着社会行为和认知, 其中包括情绪识别。目前, 关于催产素对情绪识别的影响主要有3种观点：(1)催产素选择性地促进个体对积极情绪的识别、减慢对消极情绪的识别; (2)催产素选择性地增强对消极情绪的识别; (3)催产素提高对所有情绪的识别, 与情绪效价无关。催产素影响情绪识别神经机制的研究主要集中在3个方面：情绪效价、性别差异和精神疾病。此外, 还运用社会显著假说解释催产素对情绪识别的作用。催产素可能对情绪识别障碍类精神疾病有潜在的治疗效果, 未来的研究应深入探究催产素与情绪效价的关系, 考虑性别等个体因素的影响, 进一步探讨催产素的临床应用并拓展研究范围。     

安全依恋启动影响社会行为：方法、效果与机制

阈上或者阈下的安全依恋启动可以使个体获得暂时的依恋安全感,并对个体的社会行为产生显著的影响。这种影响主要表现在个体会表现出更多的亲社会行为、揭露行为以及更少的欺骗、歧视行为和道德脱离行为。这可能是因为启动激活的依恋安全感迁移至外显行为。脑神经活动是迁移顺利发生的生理基础。今后的研究可以设置更具生态效度的实验条件,以其它社会行为为研究对象,或者结合当前研究提出的迁移视角,进一步探索安全依恋启动对社会行为的影响。     

大学生人际适应性量表的初步研制

在文献分析的基础上,文章界定了人际适应性的概念并通过开放式问卷、专家访谈和理论分析进行理论建构,据此编制大学生人际适应性量表对2100名有效被试进行调查.经过探索性和验证性因素分析以及信效度检验,结果表明:(1)大学生人际适应性是一阶11因素二阶2因素的多维度多层次结构.一阶因素包括自知性、关系认知性和合作性等,二阶因素包括人际认知性和人际互动性.(2)大学生人际适应性量表具有良好的信效度,可用于测量大学生人际适应性.     

不安全依恋者注意偏向的形成机制及神经基础

不安全依恋者的注意偏向是指依恋焦虑和回避个体对依恋信息产生或趋近或回避的注意偏好, 这一注意偏好使得个体形成了处理与依恋对象关系的特殊认知机制：依恋回避个体偏好采用防御性机制, 倾向于回避对依恋信息的注意; 依恋焦虑个体偏好采用夸大性机制, 倾向于夸大威胁性信息, 因而会积极寻求与依恋对象的亲近。不安全依恋者注意偏向的差异主要体现在情绪信息、痛觉感受和工作记忆三个方面; 加工阶段特征主要涉及P1、N1波等代表的注意自动加工和LPP波代表的注意控制加工; 脑网络上主要包括两个子网络, 即负责情绪评估的边缘系统和负责情绪调节的以前额叶为代表的神经网络。未来研究中更应该关注刺激物的生态效度, 检验依恋系统是否激活, 不安全依恋者注意偏向的自动加工和控制加工阶段的关系, 不安全依恋者注意偏向产生的分子遗传机制以及注意偏向的跨文化研究。     

安全依恋对共情和利他行为的影响

利他行为(Altruistic behavior)指以增加其他个体的福利为最终目标的行为, 它既是社会心理学领域的重要研究主题也是社会和谐稳定的需要。共情(Empathy)指个体感知或想象他人的情感, 并部分体验到他人感受的心理过程, 是利他行为的内在动机。已有研究证明, 安全依恋风格和安全依恋启动对个体共情和利他行为有积极影响。根据依恋理论和相关文献可以推测, 情绪调节和认知图式可能是安全依恋影响个体共情和利他行为的两种心理机制。未来可以探讨利他行为实施者与接受者的关系远近及双方依恋风格匹配程度的调节作用, 进一步验证安全依恋影响共情和利他行为的心理机制, 探讨利他行为对安全依恋的反向促进作用以及开发通过安全依恋培养个体共情能力和利他行为的干预方案。     

父母支持对大学生人际适应性的影响:情绪智力的中介作用

本研究旨在考察父母支持、大学生情绪智力对其人际适应性的影响。以223名大学生为被试,采用问卷调查法对其父母支持、情绪智力与人际适应性的数据进行收集分析。结果显示:(1)父母支持与大学生人际适应性相关显著,父母的肯定价值对于他们的人际互动性解释力最强;(2)大学生情绪智力能够正向预测其人际适应性,情绪感知与其人际认知性的相关性较高;(3)大学生情绪智力在父母支持与人际适应性之间起着部分中介作用。     

青少年父母、同伴依恋与社会适应性的关系

对519个初、高中生施测青少年父母同伴依恋量表(IPPA)、自尊(SES)、中学生社会适应性量表,以探讨青少年父母、同伴依恋的现状,以及它们和自尊、社会适应之间的关系.结果表明:(1)青少年总体依恋质量较高.同伴的依恋质量高于父母依恋质量.(2)青少年的父母依恋在性别上没有差异;女生的同伴依恋得分显著高于男生.父母依恋的发展呈先降后升的趋势,初一年级最高,初三年级最低;同伴依恋呈先升后降再升趋势,但未见显著差异.(3)父亲依恋对青少年的心理弹性预测力最强,母亲依恋对心理优势感预测力最强,同伴依恋对人际适应性预测力最强.这种影响通过自尊的部分中介作用而实现.     

The stalking of psychotherapists by current or former clients: Beware of the insecurely attached!

Abstract

A survey of psychological therapists who worked in primary care showed that the incidence of psychotherapists being harassed or stalked by their current or former clients was more than twice the national average at 24%. The stalkers fell into three broad categories: those clients who were needy and made early attachments to their therapists; those experiencing erotic transference; and those with personality disorders, especially those with a narcissistic style. All of these are disorders of attachment. This paper discusses the neurobiological development of an insecure attachment and how that manifests during therapy in stalking behaviour. Psychotherapists who are aware of the dynamics within the therapeutic relationship can take preventative steps to inhibit the automatic fear response of a client who is insecurely attached and which may lead to stalking behaviour.

A survey of psychological therapists who worked in primary care showed that the incidence of psychotherapists being harassed or stalked by their current or former clients was more than twice the national average at 24%. The stalkers fell into three broad categories: those clients who were needy and made early attachments to their therapists; those experiencing erotic transference; and those with personality disorders, especially those with a narcissistic style. All of these are disorders of attachment. This paper discusses the neurobiological development of an insecure attachment and how that manifests during therapy in stalking behaviour. Psychotherapists who are aware of the dynamics within the therapeutic relationship can take preventative steps to inhibit the automatic fear response of a client who is insecurely attached and which may lead to stalking behaviour.     

Physiological,affective, and behavioral responses to interpersonal conflict among males from families with different levels of cohesion and adaptability

To examine the relation between characteristics of a person's family of origin and cardiovascular, behavioral, cognitive, and affective response to interpersonal conflict, responses of 15 young males from families rated as extreme (EXT) on scales of cohesion (enmeshed or disengaged) or adaptability (chaotic or rigid) were compared to those of 25 young males from families rated as balanced (BAL) on measures of cohesion and adaptability. Subjects participated in two interpersonal role-play conflict situations, one with a male confederate and the other with a female confederate. Measures of heart rate (HR), blood pressure, and indices of both positive and negative verbal and nonverbal behaviors were obtained during each scenario and self-reported measures of positive and negative cognitive self-statements and affective response were obtained following each conflict scene. Results showed that, in contrast to BAL males, EXT males exhibited more negative verbal and nonverbal behavior, less positive nonverbal behavior, higher ratings of state anxiousness during conflict, and higher HR responses during the interaction with the male confederate than the female confederate. These findings suggest that exposure to a family environment with extreme levels of cohesion and adaptability impacts how an individual responds to interpersonal conflict in young adulthood.     

焦虑易感群体焦虑识别与消退中催产素的作用

如何准确识别并缓解焦虑易感群体的焦虑情绪具有重要的社会意义和应用价值。目前焦虑识别与消退的研究缺乏客观和直接的手段,而且在作用机制上也不清晰。本项目以催产素在高依恋焦虑个体焦虑识别与消退中的作用机制为主要研究内容,创造性地将焦虑识别与消退整合在催产素的研究框架内,从生理测量和药物干预的视角为焦虑识别和消退提供新的研究思路。研究成果对于理解焦虑反应中的神经荷尔蒙机制具有重要科学意义,也为高依恋焦虑群体的焦虑评估和干预提供了新的路径参考,对维护和提升个体的心理健康具有重要价值。     

Moderating Effects of Prevention-Focus on the Paths from Two Insecure Attachment Dimensions to Depression

The present study investigated the moderating effects of prevention-focus on the paths from the dimensions of insecure attachment (attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety) to depression. Two hundred twenty eight Korean college students completed the Experience in Close Relationship – Revised Scale; the Regulatory Focus Strategies Scale; and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Results revealed a significant moderating effect for prevention-focus on the path from attachment avoidance to depression, but not on the path from attachment anxiety to depression. They further suggest that different interventions are needed for different combinations of persons' insecure attachment dimensions and levels of prevention-focus. Counseling implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.     

污名化对被污名个体人际互动的影响

污名是指个体所具有不受欢迎的特征, 这种特征会导致个体在一定社会背景下被主流文化群体贴负性标签、贬低、侮辱而遭受到污名化。污名化对个体或群体本身会有消极影响, 不仅会使个体遭受到来自他人的歧视、排斥或拒绝等这些直接作用于自身的外部影响, 还会进一步消极影响被污名个体在人际互动中的表现和行为反应。被污名个体与主流文化群体之间的消极互动又会进一步加剧主流文化对被污名个体或群体的排斥, 形成恶性循环。从被污名个体的角度出发, 有助于更加深入地探讨污名化对被污名个体人际互动方面的影响以及被污名个体采取的应对方式。     

Effects of trustors' social identity complexity on interpersonal and intergroup trust

Although previous literature has revealed the effect of a single social identity on trust, only few studies have examined how multiple social identities affect trust in others. The present research examined the effects of trustors' social identity complexity on their level of trust toward another person (interpersonal trust), outgroup members (outgroup trust), and ingroup members (ingroup trust). Study 1, which was a correlational study, indicated that trustors' social identity complexity was positively related to their interpersonal and outgroup trust. Three experimental studies were performed to identify causal relationships. Study 2 found that activating trustors' high social identity complexity produced high levels of interpersonal trust, and Studies 3 and 4 found that this effect was more pronounced when the trustee was an outgroup member (outgroup trust) rather than an ingroup member (ingroup trust). The implications of these results for social harmony are discussed.     

人际关系对社会责任感的影响

为揭示人际关系对社会责任感的影响及其机制, 该研究采用问卷调查和实验相结合的方法, 探讨了二者之间的相关与因果关系, 以及共情的中介效应。研究1采用问卷调查法探讨这三者的关系, 结果发现, 人际关系对社会责任感具有显著的正向预测作用, 并且共情在二者之间发挥着部分中介效应。研究2采用实验法操纵了人际关系效用, 结果显示, 高效用组的社会责任感显著高于低效用组和控制组, 并且低效用组显著低于控制组。这表明人际关系效用对社会责任感具有明显的影响。研究3进一步操纵了人际关系的亲密度, 结果发现, 亲密度对效用与社会责任感的关系具有调节作用, 在低亲密度条件下, 高效用组的社会责任感明显高于低效用组, 但是在高亲密度条件下, 社会责任感均维持较高水平。因此, 人际关系对社会责任感具有明显正向影响。