一种基于进化算法的概化理论最佳样本量估计新方法：兼与三种传统方法比较

概化理论在心理与教育测量领域应用较广。如何使测量程序在预算限制的情况下达到较优的可靠性是研究者需要考虑的重要问题, 这个问题可以转换为最佳样本量估计的问题。提出了一种基于进化算法的估计概化理论下最佳样本量的新方法——约束进化算法, 并采用模拟研究的方法比较了微分优化法、拉格朗日法、柯西不等式法等三种传统方法与约束进化算法的优劣。结果表明：在两侧面交叉设计、两侧面嵌套设计和三侧面交叉设计中都证明了约束进化算法更具优越性, 建议研究者在今后的研究中优先使用。     

高校教师教学水平评价概化理论预算限制下最佳样本量估计

使用“高校教师教学水平评价问卷”,要求566名学生对19名教师进行评价,对收集到的数据作不同的概化设计,包括t×i、（s：t）×i、（s：t）×（i：v）和（s：t）×（i：v）×o四种设计。基于概化理论,结合预算限制,统一LaGrange乘法公式,自行推导不同设计的最佳样本量公式,联合估计的方差分量,计算出不同设计的最佳样本量。结果表明：（1）LaGrange乘法统一公式表现出较强的通用性,能够适用于预算限制下各种概化设计;（2）评价场合是影响高校教师教学水平评价一个相当重要的因素;（3）（s：t）×（i：v）×o是高校教师教学水平评价概化理论预算限制下最优概化设计;（4）高校教师教学水平评价概化理论预算限制下,每位教师最佳评价学生人数为20人,每个维度最佳评价题目数为3题。     

学生评教研究的最佳样本量估算——基于拉格朗日乘数法的应用

样本量是影响测量有效性的因素之一,受多个条件限制。文章阐述了拉格朗日乘数法用于推导预算限制下概化研究侧面最佳水平数的流程化操作思路;通过学生评教的实证研究,比较预算限制下概化研究不同设计各测量侧面的最优水平数,说明拉格朗日乘数法的广泛适用性。结果表明:(1)拉格朗日乘数法在预算限制下求解概化研究侧面最佳水平数时表现出稳健性;(2)结合测量研究设计需要及实际情况,可得概化研究中的最优设计。     

概化理论G研究方差分量及其变异量估计影响因素

概化理论是关于行为测量可靠性的统计理论。G研究是进行概化理论分析的关键步骤,其主要目的是进行方差分量及其变异量估计。总结了影响概化理论G研究方差分量及其变异量估计的多种因素,包括估计方法、数据分布、研究设计、样本容量、模型效应和数据形态等,并指出了相关研究存在的六方面不足,如缺乏估计方法的综合比较、较少考察非正态分布数据、较少考虑不平衡或缺失数据等。     

概化理论方差分量估计的跨分布分析

方差分量估计是进行概化理论分析的关键。采用MonteCarlo模拟技术,探讨心理与教育测量数据分布对概化理论各种方法估计方差分量的影响。数据分布包括正态、二项和多项分布,估计方法包括Traditional、Jackknife、Bootstrap和MCMC方法。结果表明:(1)Traditional方法估计正态分布和多项分布数据的方差分量相对较好,估计二项分布数据需要校正,Jackknife方法准确地估计了三种分布数据的方差分量,校正的Bootstrap方法和有先验信息的MCMC方法(MCMCinf)估计三种分布数据的方差分量结果较好;(2)心理与教育测量数据分布对四种方法估计概化理论方差分量有影响,数据分布制约着各种方差分量估计方法性能的发挥,需要加以区分地使用。     

基于概化理论的方差分量变异量估计

概化理论广泛应用于心理与教育测量实践中, 方差分量估计是进行概化理论分析的关键。方差分量估计受限于抽样, 需要对其变异量进行探讨。采用蒙特卡洛(Monte Carlo)数据模拟技术, 在正态分布下讨论不同方法对基于概化理论的方差分量变异量估计的影响。结果表明: Jackknife方法在方差分量变异量估计上不足取; 不采取Bootstrap方法的“分而治之”策略, 从总体上看, Traditional方法和有先验信息的MCMC方法在标准误及置信区间这两个变异量估计上优势明显。     

经典真分数理论与概化理论信度观评析

经典真分数理论信度观和概化理论信度观是当代心理测量学中的两大信度理论。该文简要地介绍了两种信度观的基本思想,并在此基础上,对两种信度理论的特征进行系统的分析和比较。文章认为：概化理论信度观在理论假设、测量误差源的综合分析技术、测量条件的推广研究等方面,比经典真分数理论具有更多的优越性,但概化理论信度观注重所测心理特质的单维性和方差分量估计上的负值现象等局限性,大大限制了概化理论在实际测量中的应用。文章指出,就目前的发展现状而言,没有哪一种信度理论能够包容或取代另一种信度理论,由此提出了当代信度理论合理使用的几点建议。     

经典真分数理论与概化理论信度观评析

经典真分数理论信度观和概化理论信度观是当代心理测量学中的两大信度理论。该简要地介绍了两种信度观的基本思想,并在此基础上,对曲种信度理论的特征进行系统的分析和比较。章认为：概化理论信度观在理论假设、测量误差源的综合分析技术、测量条件的推广研究等方面,比经典真分数理论具有史多的优越性,但概化理论信度观沣重所测心埋特质的单维性和方差分量估计上的负值现象等局限性,大火限制了概化理论在实际测量中的应用。章指出,就目前的发展现状而言,没有哪一种信度理论能够包容或取代另一种信度理论,由此提出了当代信度理论合理使用的几点建议。     

用结构方程建模(SEM)估计概化理论(GT)中的评分者信度

评分者的信度分析 ,已从经典测量理论的方法 (Kendall和谐系数 )发展为基于现代测量理论 (如GT)的方法 ,但由于GT中方差分量估计的工具和途径有限 ,使该方法的推广受到限制。本文介绍了结构方程建模 (SEM )估计GT中方差分量的必要性及原理 ,并通过对某省直国家机关公务员录用考试结构化面试的评分者信度分析 ,阐述用SEM估计概化理论中不同设计下的评分者信度研究     

用结构方程建模（SEM）估计概论理论（GT）中的评分者信度

评分者的信度分析,已从经典测量理论的方法（Kendall和谐系数）发展为基于现代测量理论（如GT）的方法,但由于GT中方差分量估计的工具和途径有限,使该方法的推广受到限制。本文介绍了结构方程建模（SEM）估计GT中方差分量的必要性及原理,并通过对某省直国家机关公务员录用考试结构化面试的评分者信度分析,阐述用SEM估计概化理论中不同设计下的评分者信度研究。     

Differential involvement of left prefrontal cortex in inductive and deductive reasoning

While inductive and deductive reasoning are considered distinct logical and psychological processes, little is known about their respective neural basis. To address this issue we scanned 16 subjects with fMRI, using an event-related design, while they engaged in inductive and deductive reasoning tasks. Both types of reasoning were characterized by activation of left lateral prefrontal and bilateral dorsal frontal, parietal, and occipital cortices. Neural responses unique to each type of reasoning determined from the Reasoning Type (deduction and induction) by Task (reasoning and baseline) interaction indicated greater involvement of left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 44) in deduction than induction, while left dorsolateral (BA 8/9) prefrontal gyrus showed greater activity during induction than deduction. This pattern suggests a dissociation within prefrontal cortex for deductive and inductive reasoning.     

二语语音的识别方式与激活脑区

采用行为测量和功能性核磁共振成像技术, 以明确二语语音的激活脑区定位与识别方式。本文对比分析了23名高水平晚双语者在进行高频、强规则性和强词汇性二语真词的同韵判断时, 与假词和对照字符在行为学和影像学上所表现出来的差异。行为学和影像学结果显示：高水平晚双语者在识别真词和假词的语音时, 速度相近, 均明显慢于对照字符的识别; 所激活的脑区集中在左背侧外额叶系统功能区、左腹侧前额叶系统功能区、左背侧顶下系统功能区和双腹侧颞－枕系统功能区; 这些脑区与其母语语音处理的脑区相似, 并在整体上表现出较强的左侧化, 在枕叶和小脑等局部表现出较弱的右侧化。上述结果表明：高水平晚双语者在识别二语语音时, 激活的脑区仍然是母语语音处理的脑区, 采用的可能是合成方式而不是直呼方式。     

Interference resolution: Insights from a meta-analysis of neuroimaging tasks

A quantitative meta-analysis was performed on 47 neuroimaging studies involving tasks purported to require the resolution of interference. The tasks included the Stroop, flanker, go/no-go, stimulus-response compatibility, Simon, and stop signal tasks. Peak density-based analyses of these combined tasks reveal that the anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, posterior parietal cortex, and anterior insula may be important sites for the detection and/or resolution of interference. Individual task analyses reveal differential patterns of activation among the tasks. We propose that the drawing of distinctions among the processing stages at which interference may be resolved may explain regional activation differences. Our analyses suggest that resolution processes acting upon stimulus encoding, response selection, and response execution may recruit different neural regions.     

Age-Related Changes in Neural Activation During Working Memory Performance

Changes in frontal lobe functions are a typical part of aging of the brain. There are age-related declines in working memory performance, a skill requiring frontal lobe activation. This study examined neural activation, using [15 O] water positron emission tomography (PET) methodology, during performance on two verbal working memory tasks in younger and older participants. The results demonstrated the typical areas of activation associated with working memory performance (e.g., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and inferior parietal cortex) in both groups. However, the younger participants utilized the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus significantly more than the older participants. In turn, the older participants used the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex significantly more than the younger participants and maintained material-specific lateralization in their pattern of activation. These findings are consistent with a previous report of different age-related patterns of frontal activation during working memory.     

Co-occurring anxiety influences patterns of brain activity in depression

Brain activation associated with anhedonic depression and co-occurring anxious arousal and anxious apprehension was measured by fMRI during performance of an emotion word Stroop task. Consistent with EEG findings, depression was associated with rightward frontal lateralization in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), but only when anxious arousal was elevated and anxious apprehension was low. Activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) was also reduced for depression under the same conditions. In contrast, depression was associated with more activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (dorsal ACC and rostral ACC) and the bilateral amygdala. Results imply that depression, particularly when accompanied by anxious arousal, may result in a failure to implement top-down processing by appropriate brain regions (left DLPFC, right IFG) due to increased activation in regions associated with responding to emotionally salient information (right DLPFC, amygdala).     

Residual differences in language processing in compensated dyslexics revealed in simple word reading tasks

Using regional cerebral blood flow as an index of cerebral activity we studied dyslexic and control subjects during simple word reading tasks. The groups were pre-tested for reading skill and the dyslexic group had a lower reading performance but could read and comprehend standard texts. The aim was to elucidate differences in the cerebral activation pattern during reading. The tasks were simple enough that performance differences between the groups could be excluded. We found specific differences between the two groups that were dependent on the language task. When the visual route for language information was used, minor qualitative differences were found between the groups pertaining to the dominant hemisphere. Increasing the complexity of the task by using pseudowords activated the left frontal region more in the dyslexic group than in the control group. A similar effect was seen in a minor region in extrastriate lateral occipital cortex (BA 19). This finding indicates that the dyslexics used areas in these regions that the controls did not. On the other hand, the dyslexics activated less in the right angular gyrus, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and in the right pallidum. Reading skill correlated with the level of activity in the right frontal cortex. We conclude, that cerebral activation pattern elicited by reading is different in dyslexics compared to controls in spite of an almost complete functional compensation.     

Using fMRI to study recovery from acquired dysphasia

We have used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to characterize brain activations associated with two distinct language tasks performed by a 28-year-old woman after partial recovery from dysphasia due to a left frontal hemispheric ischemic stroke. MRI showed that her ischemic lesion extended posteriorly from the left inferior frontal to the perisylvian cortex. fMRI scans of both language tasks revealed substantial differences in activation pattern relative to controls. The nature of this difference was task-specific. During performance of a verbal semantic decision task, the patient, in contrast to controls, activated a network of brain areas that excluded the inferior frontal gyrus (in either hemisphere). A second task involving rhyme judgment was designed to place a heavier cognitive load on language production processes and activated the left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area) strongly in normal controls. During this task, the most prominent frontal activation in the patient occurred in the right homologue of Broca's area. Subsequent analysis of this data by methods able to deal with responses of changing amplitude revealed additional, less sustained recruitment by the patient of cortex adjacent to the infarct in the region inferior to Broca's area during rhyming. These results suggest that in addition to changes in cognitive strategy, recovery from dysphasia could be mediated by both the preservation of neuronal networks in and around the infarct and the use of homologous regions in the contralateral hemisphere.     

Functional heterogeneity of inferior frontal gyrus is shaped by linguistic experience

A crosslinguistic, positron emission tomography (PET) study was conducted to determine the influence of linguistic experience on the perception of segmental (consonants and vowels) and suprasegmental (tones) information. Chinese and English subjects (10 per group) were presented binaurally with lists consisting of five Chinese monosyllabic morphemes (speech) or low-pass-filtered versions of the same stimuli (nonspeech). The first and last items were targeted for comparison; the time interval between target tones was filled with irrelevant distractor tones. A speeded-response, selective attention paradigm required subjects to make discrimination judgments of the target items while ignoring intervening distractor tones. PET scans were acquired for five tasks presented twice: one passive listening to pitch (nonspeech) and four active (speech = consonant, vowel, and tone; nonspeech = pitch). Significant regional changes in blood flow were identified from comparisons of group-averaged images of active tasks relative to passive listening. Chinese subjects show increased activity in left premotor cortex, pars opercularis, and pars triangularis across the four tasks. English subjects, on the other hand, show increased activity in left inferior frontal gyrus regions only in the vowel task and in right inferior frontal gyrus regions in the pitch task. Findings suggest that functional circuits engaged in speech perception depend on linguistic experience. All linguistic information signaled by prosodic cues engages left-hemisphere mechanisms. Storage and executive processes of working memory that are implicated in phonological processing are mediated in discrete regions of the left frontal lobe.     

用PDP模型模拟Stroop任务的实验研究

本实验用基于ＰＤＰ原理构造的Ｓｔｒｏｏｐ任务模型模拟了Ｓｔｒｏｏｐ颜色－词的干扰现象。模型采用ＢＰ学习算法。经过训练,模型学会字词阅读和颜色命名。由于对模型采用６种不同的学习次数（这里为：５００,１０００,２０００,３０００,５０００,１００００）以及４种不同比例（这里为：４：１,６：１,８：１,１０：１）字词模式和颜色模式的训练,其结果字词通道的信息加工比颜色通道的加工更快更强,并产生不同的干扰模式,其字词加工的次数越多,干扰越大,次数越少,干扰也越小。这很可能说明语言的熟练程度对干扰模式有着更大的影响。模型还体现了加工过程的连续性质。但这个模型难以区分不同的加工任务。