积极的应对研究

积极心理学是当前心理学的趋势,应激与应对研究中亦体现着这种特点。从应激源、应对方式与过程以及应对后果(复原力)三方面,综合探讨了当前应激与应对研究领域内的新变化,认为应激与应对研究正处于积极的应对研究潮流中,并展望了对未来应激与应对的研究发展。     

积极的应对研究

积极心理学是当前心理学的趋势,应激与应对研究中亦体现着这种特点.从应激源、应对方式与过程以及应对后果(复原力)三方面,综合探讨了当前应激与应对研究领域内的新变化,认为应激与应对研究正处于积极的应对研究潮流中,并展望了对未来应激与应对的研究发展.     

应对研究的成果、问题与解决办法

应激和应对问题 ,由于同人的心理适应和健康密切相关 ,目前在国外已经成为心理学所有领域中研究最多的一个重要课题。然而 ,该课题的研究 ,特别是关于应对方式及其效果评价的研究 ,存在着较突出的问题。通过对国内 4种最主要的有关学术期刊的检索发现 ,同国外相比 ,国内的应激和应对的研究在数量和质量上均有较明显的差距。文章结合国内外有关研究的现状 ,分析、说明了在应对研究中存在的 5个主要问题 :(1)忽略防御机制的有效评估和在心理适应中的作用 ;(2 )应对方式的评定方法不当 ;(3)在对于应激的影响和应对后果的估价中存在着片面性和策略上的错误 ;(4)应对研究的设计同关于应激和应对的“过程”理论不一致 ;(5 )应对研究同临床实践之间存在着较明显的脱节。作者探讨并提出了对于这些问题的可能的解决办法。     

道德修养与压力应对:传统儒家应对观及其现代意义

传统儒家应对观包含了压力源、应对资源和应对方式三个部分。首先,儒家认为压力的来源就是道德方面的缺陷;而儒家的应对资源是以道德修养为基础的理想人格;儒家对压力的认知和应对也充满了道德因素。纵观儒家压力应对的全过程,儒家既注重个人内在的道德修养,又注重道德修养的外在表现。传统儒家应对观不仅具有理论意义,而且还具有指导实践的现实意义,既可以提高个体的自我效能感,还能提高个人完成目标、克服困难的动机,也给予个体更多的自我调节的方法。     

污名应对策略的研究现状与展望

应激与应对的理论发展构建了污名应对研究的基本框架。污名应对策略是指被污名者在具体污名情境中为减少压力的消极影响而有目的地采用的情绪、认知和行为反应。目前, 关于被污名者应对污名策略的研究, 特别是艾滋病污名应对策略的研究日趋增多。根据不同的划分标准, 可以区分出问题聚焦性与情绪聚焦性策略、卷入与摆脱策略以及前摄性与反应性策略; 对于可隐藏污名而言, 还涉及到表露/隐藏策略。在研究方法上, 质性研究范式日益发挥重要作用。未来应该注重污名应对策略的情境性, 加强不同污名领域的专题研究, 关注对应对策略的评价并构建污名应对策略的层次模型。     

员工职业倦怠、应对方式、生活满意度与心理健康的相关研究

目的：探讨职业倦怠、应对方式、生活满意度对心理健康水平的影响。方法：运用问卷调查法测量了南京市移动公司共132名员工（剔除无效后获得有效问卷113份）的职业倦怠、应对方式、生活满意度和心理健康水平。所用工具分别是职业倦怠问卷（MBI中文修订）,简易应对方式量表,生活满意度指数（LSIA）,症状自评量表（SCL-90）。结果：（1）职业倦怠三个维度与症状自评量表总分存在显著相关（0.655;0.502;0.365）。（2）简易应对方式量表中,积极应对方式与症状自评量表存在负相关（-0.134）,消极应对方式与症状自评量表存在显著正相关（0.460）。（3）职业倦怠量表的情感枯竭,讥诮态度和简易应对方式量表的消极应对方式对心理健康有一定的预测效应。（4）生活满意度指数与症状自评量表没有达到显著相关,且该指数对心理健康没有明显的预测作用。     

宗教应对研究:回顾与思考

本文主要回顾了宗教应对在国外宗教学和心理学领域内的研究成果与进展,包括宗教应对的概念、分类、与其它相关变量的关系三个方面,并针对前人的研究做了总结,以期对国内后续的相关研究提供一定的参考。     

大学生应对方式、应对效能与心理健康的关系

目的:探讨大学生应对方式、应对效能与心理健康之间的关系。方法:以简易应对方式问卷、应对效能量表、症状自评量表(SCL-90)对300名大学生进行测量。结果:积极应对方式与应对效能总分存在显著的正相关关系;应对方式、应对效能与心理健康存在显著的相关关系;消极应对方式对SCL-90的总症状指数有正向预测作用,自信程度、积极应对方式对总症状指数有负向预测作用。结论:大学生的应对方式和应对效能对心理健康有比较好的预测作用。     

初中生道德情景应对的调查研究

目的：考查初中生的道德情景应对策略和情感体验。方法：采用道德情景故事问卷，对初一到初三的488名学生进行调查。结果：初中生在道德情景应对策略没有性别差异，而情感体验方面存在极其显著的性别差异。在道德应对策略上，存在类别和年级差异，情感体验上不存在类别差异，但存在年级差异。结论：应该加强初中生的道德情景应对策略和情感体验方面的训练。     

工作环境下的员工压力应对研究——内涵、模型、测量及热点评述

员工在工作中所感知到压力的水平,以及多大程度上会随之产生负面结果,取决于员工如何应对。因此,从上世纪80年代开始,国外学术界就开始关注工作环境下的员工压力应对研究。无论是理论探索还是实证研究,都一致认同探索员工压力应对的选择具有重要意义。但目前国内这一领域的研究还很少。基于这种状况,本文首先回顾了应对的理论内涵和研究模型。然后,结合Business Source Premier和APAPsycNet检索获得的2000年至今18篇最具影响力的实证研究文献,对工作压力所引致的员工应对的结构和测量进行归纳和回溯。最后,重点评述和展望了员工应对组织变革、应对过程模型完善和员工应对外派这三个近年来的热点研究问题。     

Coping with long-term unemployment

As very little research has focused on the experiences of long-term unemployed people, 38 females and males attending a Skillshare were invited to complete a short survey and participate in an in-depth interview. Both of these research methods were designed to provide information on the experience of this group with respect to how people who have been experiencing unemployment for over one year cope. GHQ cut-off scores and qualitative responses converged on the notion that this sample should be considered as two discrete groups: those who were coping relatively effectively with unemployment and those who were not. Coping themes identified in the group associated with negative well-being included keeping busy, emotional release, and withdrawal. These coping processes were generally viewed as transient and ineffectual. Conversely, coping strategies of those associated with positive well-being could be grouped into four themes, including keeping busy, having a positive outlook, religious faith, and re-evaluating expectations. Research and practice implications are considered. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Coping with the Uncontrollable: The Use of General and Religious Coping by Caregivers to Spouses with Dementia

SUMMARY

Using a transactional model of stress and coping, we examined the general (i.e., Problem-Focused, Emotion-Focused) and religious (i.e., Self-Directing, Collaborative, Deferring) coping strategies used by 64 caregivers to spouses with dementia to cope with their most significant, albeit uncontrollable, caregiving hassle over a two-month period. With respect to general coping, we hypothesized that caregivers who used Emotion-Focused coping would demonstrate fewer Depressive Symptoms at Month 2 after controlling for Depressive Symptoms at Month 1. With respect to religious coping, we hypothesized that care-givers who used Deferring Coping would also demonstrate fewer Depressive Symptoms. Results revealed interesting patterns between caregivers' use of general and religious coping strategies. Contrary to our hypotheses, caregivers who used Emotion-Focused and Collaborative coping reported greater Depressive Symptoms. Implications for the empirical study of stress and coping and directions for future research are discussed.     

应付的研究概况

应付研究在现代心理学中是一个十分广泛的研究课题。本文概述了应付的定义、简史和分类．探讨了,近年来关于应付中的防御机制、压力和应付及压力的积极情感等方面的研究。     

应对风格问卷的初步编制

本研究提出一种关于应对风格的理论构想。根据此构想编制的应对风格问卷可将个体分为灵活应对、问题应对、情绪应对和异常应对四种应对风格。初步研究表明,此问卷具有较好的信度和效度。用此问卷对1115名被试进行了初步调查,发现灵活应对风格160人,问题应对风格420人,情绪应对风格394人,异常应对风格的141人。此量表的建立为我们今后进行压力与应对的研究提供了一个有效工具。     

Coping Response Inventory: Assessing coping among Iranian college students and introductory development of an adapted Iranian Coping Response Inventory (CRI)

Coping is related to mental and physical health outcomes, but cultural and societal differences may influence its nature and structure. This study reports on the adaptation of the Coping Responses Inventory for Adult (CRI-A) to the Iranian social and cultural context. Study 1 was designed to obtain qualitative data and test the construct and discriminative validity of coping scales. Factor analysis of the CRI and Iranian items yielded seven factors: Religious Coping, Problem Solving, Cognitive Avoidance, Positive Reappraisal, Seeking Guidance and Support, Seeking Alternative Rewards, and Acceptance/Resignation. Internally, consistencies varied considerably from 0.92 to 0.53. All sub-scales from the Coping Responses Inventory for Adult (CRI-A) were resistant to social desirability biases with the exception of Religious Coping and Problem Solving. In Study 2, the replicability of the adapted CRI-A factorial structure and concurrent validity for the newly developed religious coping sub-scale was demonstrated. Given the importance of the role of religious coping in health and well-being outcomes, the expression and use of which may be substantially influenced by cultural practices and norms, it is recommended that future research pursues the validation of context-specific constructs of religious and spiritual coping.     

Do we need positive illusions to carry out plans? Illusion: and instrumental coping

This study tested the theory that positive illusions and instrumental (problem-focused) coping behaviours are related (Brown, J. D. (1993). Coping with stress: The beneficial role of positive illusions. In A. P. Turnbull, J. M. Patterson, S. K. Behr, D. L. Murphy, J. G. Marquis, & M. J. Blue-Banning (Eds.), Cognitive coping, families, and disability, Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.). Positive illusion was assessed as a discrepancy between positive bias towards the self in trait ratings and positive bias towards average others, where ratings were self-favouring. Problem-focused coping was assessed through recall of coping with a recent stressful situation. The results showed that positive illusion scores were unrelated to problem-focused coping scores. It was suggested that although individuals need to be positive to cope well they do not need positive illusions. Tests for gender differences showed that males held more positive illusions than females. No gender differences were found for problem-focused coping but females used emotion-focused coping more than males to cope with a recent stressful situation.     

Coping variables as predictors of perioperative emotional states and adjustment

Abstract

Surgery, regardless of its kind and severity, can be regarded as a major stress situation for any patient. High preoperative emotional arousal may negatively influence adaptation during surgery and, consequently, rate of postoperative recovery. In a series of previous studies, our research group analyzed the influence of dispositional and actual coping on subjective and objective stress indicators before, during, and after surgery. The present study investigates the influence of the dispositional coping variables vigilance and cognitive avoidance on actual surgery-related coping, state anxiety, and indicators of intra- and postoperative adjustment. The sample consisted of 42 male and 42 female patients undergoing elective maxillofacial surgery under general anaesthesia. Dispositional coping was measured on the dimensions vigilance and cognitive avoidance with the Mainz Coping Inventory. Actual surgery-related coping was assessed by means of a newly constructed inventory containing items to measure the four dimensions avoidance, vigilance, positive restructuring, and seeking social support.

Self-reported state anxiety was differentiated according to the cognitive, affective, and somatic components. The patients' adaptation was assessed by measuring doses of the narcotic agents used for induction of anaesthesia, the intraoperative status, and the amount of postoperative (analgesic and psychotropic) medication. Significant effects of coping mode, gender, and time of measurement were observed on the cognitive, affective and somatic component of state anxiety, the indicators of intraoperative adaptation and on postoperative medication. Also, patients' actual coping behavior could partly be predicted by dispositional coping. Results indicate that actual coping behavior and gender should be taken into account when trying to predict adaptation and developing psychological preparatory intervention programs.     

发展性团体心理咨询改善大学生应对方式及其相关因素的实验研究

对发展性团体心理咨询在改善和提高大学生应对方式及能力方面的可行性及有效性进行了研究。将按照入组条件选出的28名大学生随机分为实验组(14名)和对照组(14名)。实验组接受发展性团体心理咨询干预两个月,对照组不予处理。三个月后对实验组成员进行追踪随访。采用应对方式问卷、抑郁自评量表、焦虑自评量表和社会支持评定量表进行评估。结果表明,发展性团体心理咨询明显改善了团体成员的应对方式,在提高团体成员的社会支持程度和减少情绪问题(焦虑、抑郁)方面有良好的作用。     

Hearing Impairment, Coping Strategies, and Anxiety Sensitivity

The aim was to study coping strategies among hearing-impaired individuals by using a validated coping instrument—The Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WOCQ; S. Folkman & R. Lazarus, 1988)—and to relate the use of coping with anxiety sensitivity and experience of hearing impairment. A questionnaire booklet was sent out to the members of the local branch of the Swedish Hard of Hearing Association. Ninety-four members responded to the questionnaire, yielding a 53% response rate. Primary outcome measures were the WOCQ, the Anxiety Sensitivity Index, and visual analogue scale rating of discomfort from hearing impairment. Repeated measures analysis of WOCQ subscales showed that the participants used planful problem solving and self-controlling coping strategies whereas escape/avoidance responses were less frequently used than the other coping strategies. Anxiety sensitivity was associated with escape/avoidance coping (r = .63, p < .0001). In conclusion, hearing-impaired individuals do not use escape/avoidance coping more than other coping strategies. However, escape/avoidance coping is associated with anxiety sensitivity, suggesting that sensitivity to anxiety sensations is an important associated factor. Coping strategies were not associated with discomfort from hearing impairment in any meaningful way.