Substance Use Among High School Athletes

SUMMARY

During the past two decades, prevention specialists have responded to concerns about youthful substance use by developing a variety of programs. The most effective of these programs have been based upon our understanding of the risk and protective factors involved. While student-athletes generally share the same level of risk as other high school students, as a group, they may have other characteristics that can be considered. In addition, the special socializing experience of participating in athletics may present special opportunities for prevention. We suggest that it is prudent to build upon important lessons in designing programs for student athletes and we provide, as a starting point, an overview of twelve key processes with demonstrated impact.     

Changes in Academic Performance in the Junior High School

This study was designed to determine the relationships between changes in academic performance and intellective and non-intellective factors. Seventh grade students attending five junior high schools, who had attended selected elementary schools, were tested with the Personal Values Inventory (PVI), a test of academic motivation, shortly after the first seventh-grade marking period. School marks at that marking period and those received the previous year were procured from a self-report included in the PVI. All students had taken the California Achievement Test Battery and Mental Maturity Test as well as the Scholastic Testing Service Work-Study Skills Test in the sixth grade. Factor analysis identified four factors in both boys and girls: intelligence-achievement, academic motivation, academic plans, and youth-culture involvement. While intelligence was found to be mainly unrelated to the criterion, the non-intellective factors, especially academic motivation, bore significant relationships to the changed performance.     

学校气氛问卷(初中生版)的研究报告

以Moos关于人类环境的三分法为理论指导,结合当前初中生心理发展实际和学校环境的特点,编制了学校气氛问卷(PSCI-M),分为师生关系、同学关系、学业压力、秩序与纪律和发展多样性5个维度共38个条目。信效度检测表明,该问卷具有较高的内部一致性信度和折半信度,其内容效度、结构效度和外部关联效度均较为理想,可以作为初中生知觉的学校气氛的测量工具。     

Student Socio-Economic Status and Counselor Contact in Junior High School

Cumulative records over 3 years for 196 junior high school sophomores were analyzed to assess the effect of socio-economic status of students on counseling exposure. Statistical significance was found between socio-economic status of the student and both the frequency with which he was referred to the counselor and the problem areas discussed. Frequency of counselor contact was not significantly associated with student socio-economic status. Where the counselors initiated the interviews, they apparently did so only in keeping with administrative policies. The differences that did occur arose when parents or, less frequently, the students themselves, initiated the interviews. Here, socio-economic status appeared to play a crucial and singular role.     

不同学习自控力的初中生在成败中的表现

该研究用实验的方法,探讨了不同学习自控力的初中学生在成败的情景中的表现。目的是想了解成功与失败对不同的自控水平产生什么样的影响;结果是：(1)在成功的条件下,反应的正确率比较高;而在失败的情景中,正确率就比较低;它表明：成功使人沉着冷静,反应的正确率就比较高。然而,这种短暂的失败并没有使人气馁,反而使他更想成功;所以,期望值还不低。(2)自控力高的被试期望值高于自控力低的被试,说明在具体的活动中,其结果并不能简单地、直接地影响一个人的自控力;相反,自控力的高低会对活动的进程与结果起调节作用。     

Case Study: Summer Counseling with Disadvantaged Junior High School Students

Six secondary school counselors worked as a summer counseling team with disadvantaged junior high school students. Most of the students who received counseling were making a transition from a familiar to an unfamiliar school situation, i.e., they were entering or leaving junior high school. Counseling sessions were conducted in homes as well as in the schools. Extensive use was made of staff sessions and referral agencies. The services of the counseling team were favorably accepted by students and parents and were evaluated by the counselors and principals as worthwhile. Some problems and recommendations are described.     

初中生的社会支持与人格的关系

采用问卷法对432名初中生主观感知的社会支持、外界提供的社会支持与人格之间的关系进行研究,结果表明：（1）在大多数维度上,主观感知的社会支持与外界提供的相应支持及人格有显著的正相关。（2）人格类型不同的初中生主观感知的社会支持有显著差异。（3）人格的谨慎性和开放性、外界提供的社会支持对主观感知的社会支持有显著的正向预测作用;谨慎性和外向性对外界提供的社会支持有显著的正向预测作用。     

Comorbidity of Symptoms Among Junior and Senior High School Suicide Attempters

This paper examines comorbidity among depressive symptoms, conduct problems, and alcohol and drug abuse, in a sample of 1050 junior and senior high school students. Adolescents reporting high levels of depression along with either alcohol abuse or conduct problems were more likely to have made a suicide attempt than were adolescents reporting only one of these disorders. Adolescents reporting comorbid drug abuse plus either depression or conduct problems were more likely to have made a prior suicide attempt than those reporting only depression or conduct problems without drug abuse. The findings are discussed in the context of the literature on comorbidity and suicide attempts in community and clinical samples.     

初中生对父母冲突的知觉结构分析

以我国初中生为研究对象,以Grych等人的父母冲突子女知觉量表为工具,对量表是否适用于中国的初中生进行了验证研究,以此探明了初中生对父母冲突知觉的结构,初中生对父母冲突知觉问卷具有良好的信度和效度。     

A Comparison of Self-Referred Counselees and Non-Counseled Junior High School Students

A population of 315 ninth grade students was separated into two groups consisting of those who had made voluntary counselor appointments during the preceding two years, and those who had not. The two groups were compared in terms of sex, general ability, achievement, and personality ratings. There were no significant differences between the groups except for the sex ratio. All ninth grade students and all incoming seventh graders were also surveyed regarding their preference toward voluntary or required programs of counseling. Both grade levels generally preferred the voluntary approach.     

不同自控力的初中生在抗干扰中的表现

学习上的自我控制,指学生按照社会要求和自身的观念对自己的学习行为进行调整的能力,它表现为两个方面：课内学习与课外学习。课内学习主要表现在集中注意和适宜行为。Baumeister和Heaterton认为注意的控制是学习自控效果的关键成分,失去对注意的控制常常是导致学习自控失败的关键因素。本研究的目的是了解学习自控力高低的初中学生．在实际的行为中、特别是在干扰的条件下,其注意的稳定性会有什么样的特点。     

Ethics of Research Involving Mandatory Drug Testing of High School Athletes in Oregon

There is consensus that children have questionable decisional capacity and, therefore, in general a parent or a guardian must give permission to enroll a child in a research study. Moreover, freedom from duress and coercion, the cardinal rule in research involving adults, is even more important for children. This principle is embodied prominently in the Nuremberg Code (1947) and is embodied in various federal human research protection regulations. In a program named "SATURN" (Student Athletic Testing Using Random Notification), each school in the Oregon public-school system may implement a mandatory drug-testing program for high school student athletes. A prospective study to identify drug use among student-athletes, SATURN is designed both to evaluate the influence of random drug testing and to validate the survey data through identification of individuals who do not report drug use. The enrollment of students in the drug-testing study is a requirement for playing a school sport. In addition to the coercive nature of this study design, there were ethically questionable practices in recruitment, informed consent, and confidentiality. This article concerns the question of whether research can be conducted with high school students in conjunction with a mandatory drug-testing program, while adhering to prevailing ethical standards regarding human-subjects research and specifically the participation of children in research.     

Gender, Self-Enhancement, and Self-Regulation of Learning Behaviors in Junior High School

Gender differences in level of self-enhancement and in relations between self-enhancement and self-regulation in 2 school subjects, math and English, were studied among Israeli junior high school students (N = 259). In English (a feminine subject) the gender groups did not differ on their self-enhancement, but in math (a masculine subject) boys revealed significantly higher self-enhancement than did girls. The same differences were found for self-regulation of learning behaviors. It was shown further that self-enhancement mediated the relations between gender and self-regulation of learning behaviors in math. The gender groups differed on the type of relations between self-enhancement and self-regulation of learning behaviors: self-enhancement was positively related to learning behaviors among girls in math, whereas it was negatively related to such behaviors among boys in English. The implications of these last findings for self-enhancement adaptiveness are discussed.     

An Investigation of the Athletic Career Expectations of High School Student Athletes

The purpose of this study was to examine the athletic expectations of high school male athletes and identify factors related to these expectations.     

Psychosocial Correlates of Suicide Attempts Among Junior and Senior High School Youth

Three groups of junior and senior high schools students (total N = 1050) recruited in rural counties of a mid-Atlantic state–those who had made a prior suicide attempt, those reporting high levels of depressed mood or suicidal ideation, and those who were not depressed or suicidal – were compared with regard to their reports of a number of potential risk factors for suicidal behavior. Adolescents with a history of a suicide attempt reported more frequent stresses related to parents, lack of adult supports outside of the home, police, and sexuality (i.e., concerns about pregnancy, pressure to have sex, getting sexually transmitted diseases), compared with both depressed/suicide ideators and nondepressed adolescents. Suicide attempters were also more likely than the other adolescents to report that they were physically hurt by a parent, that they ran away from home, that they lived apart from both parents, and that they knew someone who had completed suicide. Results are discussed in the context of prior studies of adolescent suicidal behavior in community and clinical samples.     

不同同伴关系初中生的自我概念与应对方式

运用社会测量法,把238名初中生的同伴关系分为受欢迎、被拒斥、被忽视、有争议和普通型五种类型,用自我描述问卷和应对方式问卷进行测量研究表明：(1)被拒斥学生的数学学业自我概念、一般学校自我概念、与同性关系自我概念、与父母关系自我概念、诚实——可信赖自我概念、一般自我概念等方面显著低于受欢迎、被忽视、有争议和普通组学生;受欢迎组学生的与父母关系自我概念、诚实——可信赖自我概念等方面显著高于被拒斥、被忽视、和普通组学生。(2)被拒斥学生遇到挫折时的问题解决应对方式显著低于受欢迎、被忽视、有争议和普通组学生。     

Religious Symbols and the WISC-R Performance of Roman Catholic Junior High School Students

Abstract

Susan Isaacs. Intellectual Growth in Young Children. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1930. Pp. xi+370. $4.00.     

初中生外在学习动机内化的心理机制研究

本研究假设在从事无趣活动时以自主支持方式提供的外部理由动机策略,能够增加参与者对所从事无趣活动任务价值的认同经验,认同经验的程度将会预测后来努力的程度.因此我们测试了努力理由→认同经验→努力的动机中介模型.另外,我们意识到也可能还存在其他动机中介模型,因此我们进一步验证了两个选择模型:努力理由→重要性→自我决定感→努力;努力理由→努力.     

初中生函数概念发展的特点

本研究通过测验法对北京市六所中学的８０２名初一至初三的学生进行考察,研究了初中生函数要领的发展水平及其特点,结果表明,初中三个年级学生函数要领的发展,从总体上看,随着看级的增高呈上升的发展趋势,但年级结学生函数概念发展的影响不显著,制约 初中学生函数的概念发展水平的关键是,学生所受教育的质量,学生主要以接受教育的方式来获得函数概念。