智障儿童和正常儿童外显记忆与内隐记忆的比较研究

本实验采取加工分离程序(PDP)对38名弱智儿童的外显记忆与内隐记忆进行研究,并与47名正常儿童进行比较,结果认为:(1)正常儿童外显记忆明显优于弱智儿童,但在内隐记忆方面,正常儿童与弱智儿童没有显著差异;(2)本实验中,年龄对内隐记忆和外显记忆均没有影响。研究结果对弱智儿童的教育方面有启示作用;另外,PDP实验由于其本身的复杂性,在对特殊人群进行施测时,需要特别注意。     

弱智儿童视觉搜寻目标定向运动速度的实验研究

本实验采用“找数字”的实验任务,对弱智儿童视觉搜寻目标定向运动速度进行研究,结果表明:(1)弱智儿童的搜寻时间显著大于正常儿童:(2)随着智残程度的加重,搜寻时间随之增长,但三类弱智儿童之间没有显著差异:(3)不论是弱智儿童还是正常儿童,附有图案的搜寻时间显著大于没有图案的,正常儿童尤其显著(P<.01)。作者对上述结果进行了分析,并结合其它相关研究,认为整个心理有缺陷、智力全面弱化是弱智儿童区别于盲人、聋哑人和肢体残疾人的一个重要特点。     

弱智儿童感知动作技能特点的实验研究

本研究以难易程度不同的两个打洞操作作业 ,对弱智儿童和正常儿童的感知 动作技能进行了多种参数的测查。结果发现 :两类儿童在理解操作要点、操作速度、操作动作协调性以及操作正确性等各个方面都有明显的差异。同时通过比较 ,对弱智儿童感知 动作技能的特点 ,从外部肢体动作方式和内部智力动作方式两方面进行了详细的分析 ,并在此基础上对弱智儿童的感知 动作技能的教育与训练提出了建议 ,这对弱智学校改革教学、提高教学质量具有重要意义。     

弱智儿童语言障碍调查研究

本研究从学前儿童常用的词汇及句法的理解和表达两个方面对 7至8岁的轻度、中度、重度共 85名弱智儿童的语言障碍作系统的调查 ,结果显示 :各组弱智儿童在语言的理解方面普遍比表达要好 ,并且在那些与日常生活联系较密切的词汇上作业成绩相对较好 ;不同智残程度的弱智儿童在语言障碍的具体表现上有不同的特点。     

弱智儿童的记忆能力及其培养

本实验用A·P·鲁利亚提出的回忆实验方法,对可11名正常儿童和21名弱智儿童的记忆能力作了比较。结果表明:(1)弱智儿童虽然大脑受损,记忆能力低于正常儿童,但仍然有一定的记忆能力;(2)在记忆后第1—2天内和第6天之前,应着重让弱智儿童进行复习;(3)对弱智儿童,宜多采用直观教学法;(4)给弱智儿童用的教材内容应有更多的他们所熟悉的内容;(5)弱智儿童与正常儿童相比,记忆能力的差异既表现在数量上,也表现在质量上;(6)教师在教学工作中,要对弱智儿童进行记忆的培养。     

形态异同判断课题中弱智儿童大脑左右两半球功能特点的教育神经心理学研究

本实验结果表明,弱智儿童大脑两半球在认知速度(反应时间)上有明显障碍,但在认知正确度上无异子正常儿童;这一结果在左视野、右视野和双视野呈现刺激的三种条件下,以及在汉字和图形两种刺激材料之间,均未见明显差异。因此,本实验结果对国外关于学习障碍脑机制的“左脑障碍说”、“右脑障碍说”和“左右脑协同障碍说”均不支持。     

中重度弱智儿童词汇表达的研究

中重度弱智儿童普遍存在不同程度的语言发展方面的问题,他们获得第—个词的时间通常是24—30个月,到四岁时。才开始出现较多的、有意义的词;弱智儿童的词汇量相当有限,而且词汇的累积和增加非常缓慢,使用的词类也不全面。国外的研究者对于弱智儿童词汇发展的研究主要形成了两种观点：其—是弱智儿童与相同智龄的正常儿童相比,在词汇表达和理解方面都要落后;其二是智龄可以预测弱智儿童词汇发展的能力。     

弱智儿童在上课时和自由活动时的行为表现

研究了４１名弱智儿童。采用时间样本的方法收集材料,以期从动态角度了解弱智儿童在上课时和自由活动时的行为表现。按园别和智力落后程度两个方面对被试在上课时的８大类行为和自由活动时的７大类行为进行了分析。结果发现：班级人数、不同教学方法和智力落后程度与弱智儿童的行为表现有关。还对收集材料的方法、园别和智力落后程度与弱智儿童的行为表现的关系、高频率的自娱活动等,进行了讨论。最后,根据研究结果对教师提出了教学建议。     

弱智儿童动作协调训练的实验研究(Ⅰ)

对弱智儿童14名进行动作协调的系统训练,内容是向目标物分别投套圆圈与投掷小沙包。经过两个半月训练,与另外未经系统训练的更大些的14名弱智儿童相比较,成绩明显高于对比组。证明弱智儿童的动作协调训练是有成效的,可行的,但需要正确的组织与指导。     

轻度弱智儿童工作记忆、加工速度的实验研究

选取轻度弱智、一般智力以及智力优秀三组共288名小学生作为被试,每个被试接受三种测验,即工作记忆测验、加工速度测验、韦氏儿童智力测验中国修订版,以考察轻度弱智儿童群体在与工作记忆和加工速度相关的认知任务上的反应特征,以及轻度弱智儿童与一般儿童在这些任务上的差异。通过方差分析、聚类分析等统计方法得到以下结果：1．轻度弱智儿童和智力一般儿童在工作记忆和加工速度上有显著差异。2．轻度弱智儿童群体在各基本认知能力中可能存在的缺陷并不平衡,工作记忆较稳定地反映了该群体在智力上的缺陷,但存在一部分在加工速度上体现为正常水平的亚类群体。     

自闭症和智力障碍儿童行为问题与父母焦虑的关系:育儿压力的中介作用与领悟社会支持的调节作用

为探讨自闭症和智力障碍儿童行为问题与其父母焦虑的关系及其内在作用机制,研究采用问卷法对1023名自闭症和智力障碍儿童父母进行调查。结果表明：(1)自闭症和智力障碍儿童行为问题对父母焦虑具有正向预测作用;(2)育儿压力在儿童行为问题和父母焦虑间起中介作用;(3)儿童行为问题与育儿压力的关系受到领悟社会支持水平的调节,调节作用只在智力障碍儿童父母群体中显著。研究结果有助于揭示自闭症和智力障碍儿童行为问题对父母焦虑的影响及作用机制,对改善自闭症和智力障碍儿童父母育儿压力与焦虑具有一定指导意义。     

Filial therapy: effects on two children's behavior and mothers' stress.

Due to patients' continual and natural contact with their children, as well as shortages of professionals, parents are increasingly being asked to play a significant role in treatment for the children's emotional and behavior problems. Filial therapy is a treatment that involves parents by teaching parents to conduct child-centered play therapy sessions with their children. The current study sought to examine filial therapy effectiveness by measuring changes in children's behavior and parental stress in parenting. Mothers of two preschool children were administered the Behavior Assessment for Children and the Parenting Stress Index prior to, following completion of, and 2 mo. after participating in a 10-wk. filial therapy training program. Results suggest significant decreases in externalizing behaviors and decreased parenting stress for one parent of the two children. Informal parental reports of changes suggest that parents saw improved relationships with their children, their own confidence increased, generalization of skills, and improvements with regard to behavior problems.     

Comparing performance by parents and offspring on a rapid tapping task

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships between 42 parents' and their offsprings' performance on a rapid tapping task. It was expected that genetic predispositions would gradually limit children's performance on a tapping task as they matured chronologically. Four different age groups of children and their parents performed the tapping task on different sizes of boards. Repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated that, while parents' mean performance was generally higher than that of their children (F = 32.89, p < .001), the difference was affected by the children's age, which hand was used, and the board size. Spearman rank correlation scores between parents' and children's overall performances gradually increased across age groups (p = -.29, -.10, .47, and .40, respectively, from younger to older age groups). This finding suggests that the potential of youngsters' future performance may be predicted with greater certainty by observing their parents' present performance. This may improve the predictive power of planned programs.     

The role of attachment and cognitive inhibition in children's memory and suggestibility for a stressful event

There has been increasing interest in children's abilities to report memories of and resist misleading suggestions about distressing events. Individual differences among children and their parents may provide important insight into principles that govern children's eyewitness memory and suggestibility for such experiences. In the present study, 51 children between the ages of 3 and 7 years were interviewed about an inoculation after a delay of approximately 2 weeks. Results indicated that parents' attachment Avoidance was associated with children's distress during the inoculation. Parental attachment Anxiety and the interaction between parental Avoidance and children's stress predicted children's memory for the inoculation. Cognitive inhibition was also a significant predictor of children's memory errors and suggestibility. Theoretical implications concerning effects of stress and individual differences on children's eyewitness memory and suggestibility are discussed.     

Social support in chumships and adjustment in children of divorce

Examined the relations between support from intimate friends or "chums" and stress, age, and gender in predicting psychological adjustment using a sample of 117 8- to 15-year old children who had experienced parental divorce. Both parents and children provided information on children's adjustment. In predicting children's reports of their adjustment, the direct effect of chum support was found to be moderated by children's age. In predicting parental reports of children's adjustment, no significant main effects or interaction effects occurred. The findings are discussed with attention to the divergent perspectives of different reporters.     

Children's antisocial behavior, mental health, drug use, and educational performance after parental incarceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Unprecedented numbers of children experience parental incarceration worldwide. Families and children of prisoners can experience multiple difficulties after parental incarceration, including traumatic separation, loneliness, stigma, confused explanations to children, unstable childcare arrangements, strained parenting, reduced income, and home, school, and neighborhood moves. Children of incarcerated parents often have multiple, stressful life events before parental incarceration. Theoretically, children with incarcerated parents may be at risk for a range of adverse behavioral outcomes. A systematic review was conducted to synthesize empirical evidence on associations between parental incarceration and children's later antisocial behavior, mental health problems, drug use, and educational performance. Results from 40 studies (including 7,374 children with incarcerated parents and 37,325 comparison children in 50 samples) were pooled in a meta-analysis. The most rigorous studies showed that parental incarceration is associated with higher risk for children's antisocial behavior, but not for mental health problems, drug use, or poor educational performance. Studies that controlled for parental criminality or children's antisocial behavior before parental incarceration had a pooled effect size of OR = 1.4 (p < .01), corresponding to about 10% increased risk for antisocial behavior among children with incarcerated parents, compared with peers. Effect sizes did not decrease with number of covariates controlled. However, the methodological quality of many studies was poor. More rigorous tests of the causal effects of parental incarceration are needed, using randomized designs and prospective longitudinal studies. Criminal justice reforms and national support systems might be needed to prevent harmful consequences of parental incarceration for children.     

Courtesy stigma in mothers of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a preliminary investigation

Mothers of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder face an increased risk for depression, anxiety, and social isolation. In addition to stress due to children's behavior, mothers of children with ADHD may also feel stigmatized by their children's diagnosis. Fifty-one mothers participated in a study to assess attitudes toward ADHD. Although mothers of children with ADHD expected that parents of children without ADHD would hold harsh views of the disorder, this was not generally the case. This difference between perception and the actual self-reported views of mothers of children without ADHD supports the idea that mothers feel stigmatized but suggests that increased awareness might help mothers of children with ADHD feel less isolated.     

Cross-Informant Agreement in the Assessment of Social Phobia in Youth

In the present study involving children and adolescents with a principal diagnosis of social phobia, we measured parent–child agreement regarding social anxiety symptoms. Additionally, we examined variables related to the severity of the children's social phobia symptoms as reported by children and as rated by clinicians. Examination of cross-informant agreement indicated little difference between mean parent and children ratings of the children's social fears. In contrast, there was a significant difference in parent and children ratings of the children's avoidance, with parents endorsing greater degrees of social avoidance. Children's report of social avoidance was negatively related to scores on a measure of self-presentational concerns (i.e., social desirability). Clinicians' determination of the severity of the children's social phobia was also influenced by the children's self-presentation as well as parent report of social avoidance and children's depression scores. Thus, this differential weighting by the clinician of parent versus child report may be related to the finding that children's self-reported social avoidance was negatively related to their concerns regarding positive self-presentation. Results suggest the need to consider the impact of social desirability when examining clinical characteristics of children and adolescents with social phobia.     

聋童与正常儿童对假装表征、模仿性假装和欺骗性假装的认识

本研究认为,对假装的认识包含理解假装表征、模仿性假装和欺骗性假装。选取了86名3-5岁的学前儿童和122名3-12岁的聋童,考察他们对假装上述内容的认知情况及差异。结果表明：（1）当假装任务中涉及的事物特征不符合儿童经验时,9岁前的聋童和正常学前儿童难以理解假装表征和模仿性假装。反之若符合儿童的经验,大部分3岁正常儿童及7岁聋童就能正确理解上述内容;（2）5岁正常儿童和7岁聋童已能正确理解欺骗性假装,这比他们在同样情境下理解假装的表征和模仿性假装的年龄要迟。（3）聋童理解假装问题要比正常儿童滞后2-4年,但他们正确理解这些问题的年龄起点及达到的程度与正常儿童可能是一致的,而且发展的趋势也是相似的。（4）手语聋童理解假装问题的成绩好于口语聋童,那些父母会手语或父母是聋人的聋童的成绩好于其他聋童。本研究的结论是：低龄正常儿童和聋童还难以真正理解假装表征;聋童对假装的认识比正常儿童滞后2-4年,但发展趋势相似;聋童自身的手语水平及其父母的手语水平是影响他们理解假装的主要因素。     

3～5岁幼儿反事实思维的发展研究

该研究采用结果和前提反事实推理任务,选取58名3-5岁幼儿为被试,考察了其反事实思维能力的发展。结果表明:1.3岁儿童在结果反事实推理中的得分显著低于4岁和5岁儿童,而4岁和5岁儿童的得分并不存在显著差异;2.幼儿的前提反事实推理因结构和方向不同而表现出不同的年龄变化趋势;3.幼儿产生的上行和下行反事实论断之间不存在显著差异。如成人一样,幼儿较少产生减法反事实。