信息加工认知心理学的发展和面临的挑战

本文认为当代信息加工认知心理学发展的特点是：（１）与高新科学技术结合．在基础理论的研究方面有较大的突破;（２）将自然认知与社会认知的研究结合起来,促使信息加工的研究能更接近人类实际的认知过程：（３）将基础理论研究与应用研究相结合,不断扩大认知心理学的研究领域和应用范围．为了迎接面临的挑战和适应社会发展的需要,信息加工认知心理学应更充分地体现时代精神,坚持走实验研究和现象学研究相结合、定量研究与定性研究相结合、微观研究与宏观研究相结合,以及文理互补、多科渗透的发展道路。     

THE EPISTEMIC APPROACH IN COGNITIVE THERAPY

A theory of epistemic behavior is applied to the problem of cognitive therapy. The theory addresses the process whereby all knowledge is acquired and modified. The task of cognitive therapy is to modify some types of knowledge, those with aversive consequences to the individual. Any knowledge is assumed to be inevitably biased, selective and tentative. It is assumed to be affected by three epistemically relevant motivations: the need of structure, the fear of invalidity and the need of conclusional contents. Such motivations can be appropriately enlisted in the aid of uprooting the patient's dysfunctional beliefs or “frustrative hypotheses” concerning his/her failures to attain important goals. Unlike major alternative approaches, the present one: (1) disputes the dysfunctional misconception hypothesis whereby neurotic inferences are distorted or biased as compared to normal inferences, (2) questions the value of constructing a priori lists, or taxonomies of dysfunctional beliefs, and (3) qualifies the suggestion that own behavior or personal experience is a superior vehicle of belief-induction. Instead, the persuasive value of behavior or experience is assumed to be restricted to cases in which the individual trusts his own ability to interpret the events at hand.     

NATURE, NURTURE, AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT FROM 1 TO 16 YEARS:

Abstract— Children increasingly resemble their parents in cognitive abilities from infancy through adolescence Results obtained from a 20-year longitudinal adoption study of 245 adopted children and their biological and adoptive parents, as well as 245 matched nonadoptive (control) parents and offspring, show that this increasing resemblance is due to genetic factors Adopted children resemble their adaptive parents slightly in early childhood but not at all in middle childhood or adolescence. In contrast, during childhood and adolescence, adopted children become more like their biological parents, and to the same degree as children and parents in control families Although these results were strongest for general cognitive ability and verbal ability similar results were found for other specific cognitive abilities—spatial ability, speed of processing, and recognition memory. These findings indicate that within this population, genes that stably adolescence and that environmental factors that contribute to cognitive development are not correlated with parents' cognitive ability.     

A PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH TO AUTOKINESIS

Analysis has shown that autokinesis constitutes a complex group of phenomena. Certain autokinetic movements ('paradoxical', i.e. experienced displacement without movement or vice versa) could not be adequately recorded by the 'tracing method', very often employed, or by other forms of purely physical registration. Autokinesis ought to be divided into a 'free' type (which may be 'paradoxical') and a 'restricted' type (always 'non-paradoxical'). 'Free' movements were experienced either in a plane perpendicular to the line of vision or as 'ad-ab' movements. 'Restricted' movements were described as either 'swinging' or 'undulating'.     

对友谊关系社会认知发展的跨文化比较研究

该研究以友谊许诺为主题的故事分别对冰岛（雷克雅未克市）和中国（北京市）的７岁和９岁小学儿童作个别随访,探查儿童在友谊矛盾冲突情景中是如何作出行动决定选择及道德评价的。研究结果揭示了文化及年龄变量对儿童有关社会认知发展的影响。     

COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY MEASURES AND THE RELATIONSHIP OF COGNITIVE COMPLEXITY TO COMMUNICATION

This review assesses the adequacy of several commonly employed cognitive complexity measures on the basis of five criteria: high test-retest reliability with adults, association with chronological age across childhood and adolescence, independence from intelligence and verbal abilities, association with other indices of developed social cognition, and association with measures of developed communicative functioning. Extant research indicates that only one complexity measure—Crockett's Role Category Questionnaire—is satisfactory on all these criteria, whereas Bieri's widely used measure is deficient on most. However, research to date concerning the relationship of cognitive complexity (as assessed by Crockett's measure) to communication has failed to illuminate the specific role played by complexity as opposed to other social-cognitive factors with which it is associated.     

分心抑制的年龄差异

通过对负启动范式的说明,从年龄发展的角度对分心抑制作了理论上的探讨,介绍了几个有代表性的理论与假说,包括抑制衰退理论、多样化抑制系统模型和最佳测试时间假说;并从工作记忆能量与分心抑制的关系上探讨了基于年龄发展的资源依赖抑制模型和抑制控制假说。     

儿童道德认知发展的晚近研究

本文介绍了六十年代以来皮亚杰和科尔伯格的继承者在儿童道德认知发展领域里的一些研究。其中有些研究验证了皮亚杰和科尔伯格的理论,有些则修正、扩展了他们的研究,还有一些研究对他们的理论提出了批评和异议。作者据此认为,应该全面评介西方各派理论,批判地分析它们,学习西方研究者的好方法,结合我国实际深入开展对儿童和青少年道德发展的研究。     

略论儿童认知发展是阶段性和连续性的统一

本文作者根据近年来在时间、速度、分类、数和运动等儿童认知发展领域所进行的一系列实验结果阐明了儿童认知发展是阶段性和连续性的统一的理论观点。     

中国青少年心理健康素质·认知风格的研究

应用《青少年心理健康素质调查表·认知风格分量表》对全国23个不同省市地区的44063名青少年进行了调查,对不同年级阶段青少年认知风格的发展特点进行了分析。结果发现：（1）我国青少年认知风格的发展是常态的;（2）我国青少年认知风格的发展具有比较明显的阶段性,随着年级的升高其得分出现了“高—低—高”的变化趋势。     

A COGNITIVE-STYLE APPROACH TO CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH1

Styles cognitifs et recherches ‘interculturelles. — L'utilisation, dans les recherches interculturelles, des données, concepts et méthodes relevant du “style cognitif” (mode de fonctionnement caractérisant un individu dans ses activités perceptives et intellectuelles) présente un grand nombre d'avantages méthodologiques. Comme le démontrent les nombreuses études qui ont été consacrées à un style cognitif privilégié qui correspond à la dimension “global-articulé”, les styles cognitifs sont fondamentaux dans L'étude du développement; ils peuvent être mesurés par des techniques objectives; les tests utilisables peuvent être appliqués avec validité et ils ont un sens pour des populations qui sont de niveau mental tout à fait différent; ils ont été conçus en relation avec des manières particulières d'élever les enfants, de telle sorte qu'ils peuvent servir à identifier les résultats de ces méthodes dans L'étude comparative des schèmes de socialisation. Les mêmes relations entre les premières expériences familiales et les différences inter-individuelles au long du continuum “global-articulé” qui avaient été originellement observées dans des milieux occidentaux, L'ont été également dans des milieux non occidentaux. De plus, on a trouvé dans le style cognitif modal de certains groupes non occidentaux, les différences qu'on avait pu prédire sur la base des différences observées dans la manière d'élever les enfants. La fréquence des différences dues au sexe en matière de style “articulé” ou “global” dans un grand nombre de cultures, amène à penser que L'étude du rôle que joue le sexe dans le développement cognitif pourrait être une voie féconde pour la recherche interculturelle.