初探宗教现象学

宗教现象学是当代西方文化中使用现象学方法来诠释宗教的一种学说，它在理论上与传统宗教的理性实体学说和自然神学理论相区别，一是将宗教的论证方式由外在实体出发转向由人的直观意识出发，二是将对神的论证由理性论证的途径改变为意识直观和生存体验的途径。宗教现象学把人的直观意识体验和生存感受作为其理论的出发点，它同时把宗教理解为前导入的生存的意义纲领。宗教现象学跨越了现象学、存在主义、解释学、心理学、人类学及神学等多个学科，尚有许多理论问题有待进一步澄清。     

与威斯特福教授谈宗教现象学

威斯特福(Westphal)为美国福德姆大学(FordhamUniversity)知名教授,哈佛大学客座神学教授,美国现象学与存在主义哲学协会会长。2003年3月他来武汉大学时,笔者就宗教现象学问题对他进行了访谈,并得到武汉大学哲学系郝长迟博士的大力帮助。问:威斯特福教授,您因为宗教现象学的研究而在美国哲学界声名卓著。您已出版了两本宗教现象学的专著,一本是《上帝,罪过与死亡———一种生存论的宗教现象学》(God,GuiltandDeath—AnExistentialPhenomenologyofReligion),另一本是《怀疑与信仰:现代无神论的宗教应用》(SuspicionandFaith:TheReligio…     

现象学和宗教现象学:对一种宗教学方法的思考

本文拟通过对哲学意义上的现象学和宗教现象学核心概念的整理,考查二者之间的联系与区别,并试图从哲学现象学的角度反观宗教现象学,重新思考宗教现象学的可能性及宗教研究的方法问题。     

现象学心理学与经验的世界

本文阐释胡塞尔的现象学心理学在胡塞尔现象学中不明确的定位,说明它如何衔接超越论现象学和经验科学,并特别凸显经验的世界这个概念在其中所扮演的角色。论文主要分成两个部分:第一部分探究现象学心理学和超越论现象学之间的关系,说明"现象学心理学如何是超越论现象学的预备",以及"现象学心理学如何平行于超越论现象学"这两个问题;第二部分阐述胡塞尔如何藉由经验的世界此概念来为事实科学奠定基础。     

被给予性与空间性——一个关于现象学作为第一哲学的新争论

现象学在开端时期就要求成为第一哲学，并且这种要求也贯穿于整个现象学运动，是现象学发展的根本动力。胡塞尔的直观原则、海德格尔的存在原则、马里翁的被给予性原则、费加尔的空间性原则，都是对现象学作为第一哲学的争论之表现。其最新表现是马里翁与费加尔对于现象学最终原则的争执。本文以被给予性与空间性为参照，考察两人的理论中何者可以作为现象学上的最终原则；或者不存在最终原则，高于现象学作为第一哲学之现实性的，是现象学作为第一哲学的可能性。     

古希腊的宗教与艺术——黑格尔对希腊精神的宗教哲学解读

黑格尔的古希腊宗教观是尚未被充分注意的问题域。本文依托《精神现象学》和《宗教哲学讲演录》两个核心文本,通过两个维度对黑格尔的古希腊宗教观展开探讨:古希腊神明的整体特征以及其与艺术的关系,艺术作品中呈现的神与人的辩证关系。在黑格尔那里,宗教内在原则是绝对精神的辩证发展。这一方面体现在古希腊宗教中精神性原则对于自然性原则的扬弃,另一方面也体现在虽然古希腊宗教出于内在矛盾而衰落,但是其也预示了完善宗教所应保留的原则。     

论现象学中的“神学转向”

本文的中心论点是,法国学者多明尼哥.杨尼考(Dominique Janicaud)对于法国现象学的神学转向的指责是没有根据的,是对现象学的基本精神的误解。我首先根据胡塞尔的文本,在讨论超越性与给予方式之间的关系的基础上,指出现象学涉及宗教现象或神圣存在是现象学本身所规定或要求的:每类事物都有其独特的给予方式,我们不能够把一种事物的给予方式等同于所有事物的给予方式。其次,我主要讨论了莱维纳斯如何继承了胡塞尔的现象学原则,对于"超越性"在伦理学领域的现象学意义给予了充分的表述,是对于胡塞尔现象学基本原则的继承。最后,我论述了马里昂为何把现象学理解为"最后的哲学",把现象学原则理解为最后的原则。现象学就是要描述被给予的自我如何转化为现象性的自我,被给予的自我是决定一切的核心,而不是先验自我。神学中关于上帝的描述属于溢满性现象中一部分。马里昂与莱维纳斯一样,都继承了胡塞尔现象学的最核心、最基本的精神和原则。     

现象学伦理学的基本问题再论 ——尼古拉·哈特曼与伦常价值质料的现象学

尼古拉·哈特曼属于现象学运动的边缘人物。但他的确可以被视为现象学的伦理学或质料的价值伦理学主要的和系统的构建者。他的伦理学通常会带有两个不同的名称:伦常价值的现象学和质料的价值伦理学。这两个名字指称的是同一个对象,但重点不同:前者强调方法,后者偏重内容;前者主要与胡塞尔有关,后者则更多源自舍勒。哈特曼本人的相关伦理学思考既有助于对现象学的价值伦理学的基本要素的把握,也有助于一门价值回应的现象学的展开。     

宗教现象学

宗教现象学（荷兰）范·德·莱乌１．现象学是对现象的系统论述,而宗教是一种逃避我们观察的终极体验,一种在其本质上是,并且仍将是隐蔽的启示。可是,我将怎样对待如此总是逃避和隐蔽的东西呢？我怎样能在没有现象的时候继续谈论现象学呢？我到底应该怎样来指称“宗教...     

黑格尔发现他的声音:《精神现象学》

《精神现象学》作为后康德计划,证明不存在“给定的”对象,意识已涉及自我意识,而理性的现代性权威导致精神危机;生命过去的那些表现方式削弱了它们关于价值和忠诚的主张;碎片化世界表明“优美的灵魂”成了“道德世界观”的沉默的代言人。因此藉着新发现的哲学见解,黑格尔赋予他最早关注的应认作现代宗教的东西完美的声音。“绝对知识”在于历史化的自我理解,自我理解体现在《精神现象学》将现代性看作人类自己历史的必然结果。     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

Kann Es Ein Argument Für Den Skeptizismus Geben? Das Epistemische Problem Der Irrtumsmöglichkeit

Summary  Is there any argument for scepticism? The epistemic problem of the possibility of error. Arguments for scepticism rest on the assumption that knowledge claims are fallible. For this reason the concept of knowledge appears to be questionable. Since it is necessary to distinguish doubts from possible doubts, the arguments for scepticism appear to be unconvincing. If we take it into account that we know something that is immune to doubt, we should draw the conclusion that, contrary to scepticism, knowledge claims have to be compatible with being fallible. Thus any knowledge claim is capable of being doubted.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Chapter 6: Biblical Foundations for a Practical Theology of Aging

SUMMARY

This article reviews Biblical sources pertaining to the elderly, particularly the frail elderly. Founded on these sources, implications for elderly with Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia are addressed through a personal perspective informed by writings of Christian mystics.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.