Eine streitlustige psychoanalytische Psychosomatik und die gegenseitige Analyse von Ferenczi und Groddeck

This article is the third part of an originally unplanned trilogy caused by the internal logic of the research process on psychosomatic theories. On the background of Freud’s difficulties with the illness and disease theory the fragmentation of the field of psychosomatic medicine has been described and presented in the two previous parts as an attempt to explain its tortuous developmental course. In the first part of this current paper the author tries to understand both the ideas and sociopolitical forces that were involved in the historical development of psychosomatic medicine. The scope of the field as well as the models used oscillated greatly. Psychoanalysis has played an important role in this development even if the mainstream psychoanalysts showed relatively little interest. Psychosomatics also required therapeutic approaches that were foreign to the accustomed psychoanalytical setting. Occasionally the influence of various physiological models was strongly displayed (e.g. Selye’s stress model and the influence of the immune system). The deepening of the psychological understanding is nevertheless due to original marginal psychoanalytic thinkers, such as Ferenczi and Groddeck. Under the influence of Ferenczi the unconventional search was completed by Balint to some extent either through development of the psychotherapeutic technique or by the influence of listening to the doctors in their interaction with patients.     

Spezifische psychoanalytische Interventionen

It is held that specific ingredients are responsible for the effectiveness of various psychotherapies and it is supposed that for this reason particular therapeutic approaches are more efficient than others. First, this article presents Bruce E. Wampold’s research on psychotherapeutic efficacy, which gives evidence that psychotherapies efficiency is due to general, not to specific factors. It is shown that in the end the common factors like alliance, compliance, empathy and the fact, that therapists generally make best use of their personality, are interpersonal factors. The impact of these empirical results on psychotherapy, on theory and practice is described in the light of two metatheories, the “medical modell”and the “contextual model”. The author delineates some consequences, for instance that in psychotherapeutic practice the diagnosis-based indication for therapy has to be replaced by fitting-indication. Regarding outcome research, the randomized goldstandard research design has to be replaced by a fitting indication concerning therapist /patient and patient/paticular treatment. Further it is shown that although specific ingredients in a strict sense are not active, therapists have to realize that they are nessessary even if active only as a component of the healing context. How specific ingredients might be realized within a healing context is shown with regard to the adaptive approach to psychoanalysis.     

Explizite und implizite psychoanalytische Behandlungspraxis

Zusammenfassung  Die Psychoanalyse wurde mit dem Ziel konzipiert, Verdrängungen dem Bewusstsein zugänglich zu machen und dadurch die Kindheitsamnesie aufzuheben (Freud 1937). Mit der Ausweitung des psychoanalytischen Behandlungsspektrums auf präödipale Störungen und Verbreitung der Objektbeziehungstheorie entwickelte sich allerdings eine alternative Behandlungsstrategie, die Therapie der emotionalen Erfahrung. Der damit verknüpfte Dualismus führte lange zu einer Kontroverse über eine einheitliche psychoanalytische Behandlungstechnik. Nur langsam setzte sich die Erkenntnis durch, dass angemessene Deutungen und ein entwicklungsfördernder Umgang mit der Übertragung zwei therapeutische Ansätze darstellen, die nicht voneinander zu trennen sind.Vor dem Hintergrund der neueren Gedächtnisforschung zeigt sich, dass beide Ansätze sich einerseits ergänzen, andererseits aber auch gegensätzliche Pole im Indikationsspektrum der psychoanalytischen Praxis repräsentieren. Die Einsichtstherapie der klassischen Analyse hat das episodische, explizite Gedächtnis als Bezugspunkt und in dieser Weise auch weiterhin Gültigkeit. Demgegenüber bezieht sich die Therapie der emotionalen Erfahrung auf implizites Erfahrungswissen, das den Kern der Patienten mit einer Entwicklungspathologie ausmacht.In dieser Arbeit wird die implizite psychoanalytische Behandlungspraxis im Umgang mit archaischen Ich-Zuständen erläutert. Dabei wird die Bedeutung der bekannten Behandlungskonzepte Objektverwendung, Metabolisierung und containment hervorgehoben.

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Explicit and implicit psychoanalytical practice

Psychoanalysis was conceived with the aim of making suppressed experiences available to the consciousness and by means of this, reversing childhood amnesia. In the course of the extension of the psychoanalytical treatment spectrum to pre-oedipal disturbances and the increasing influence of the object relation theory an alternative therapeutic strategy, the therapy of emotional experience, was developed. The related dualism led to a long-lasting controversy about a uniform psychoanalytical technique. The insight that adequate interpretations and beneficial handling of the relationship are two therapeutical approaches which have not to be separated from each other, has been accepted slowly.Against the background of recent memory research it turns out that on the one hand both approaches supplement each other, but on the other hand they are contrasting poles in the indication spectrum of psychoanalytical practice. The therapy of insight of classical psychoanalysis has the explicit memory as a reference point and is therefore still valid. On the contrary, the therapy of emotional experience refers to implicit experience which is the core of developmental pathology.In this paper the implicit psychoanalytical practice, dealing with archaic ego states, is discussed, referring to such well-known concepts as object use, metabolization and containment.

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Nach einem Vortrag zum 50-jährigen Bestehen des Lou Andreas-Salomé Instituts in Göttingen am 30.10.04.

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Die Geisteswissenschaften und die Praxis

Ohne ZusammenfassungDer vorliegende Beitrag stellt die auf das Dreifache erweiterte Fassung eines Vortrags dar, den ich unter dem Titel Zur Funktion der Geisteswissenschaften in der Konzeption von J. Habermas auf dem XI. Deutschen Kongress für Philosophie (Oktober 1975) in Göttingen gehalten habe.     

Die Abstinenzregel und die Wirklichkeit

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Die alte und die neue Logik

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Die Zweite Moderne und die Angewandte Kriminologie

This article analyses the recent changes in modern society (??second modernity??) and their importance for criminological questions. These changes increase the risk of biographical crises of individuals which can result in the committing of crimes. Therefore, a review of the diagnostic and prognostic system of ??applied criminology?? was necessary. As a result the ??applied criminology?? had to be adapted and a new biographical type of ??crime in crises?? was deduced from this review. The value orientation and individual relevant aspects, for example special places, persons or strong interests, play a key role in appraising the new biographical type of ??crime in crises??. This new type fits to the developments of the second modernity and completes the system of ??applied criminology??.     

Die Geistige Forderung und die Geschichtliche Wirklichkeit

Sans résumé     

Kontinentales Erbe Und Analytische Methode. Nelson Goodman Und Die Tradition

Goodman's most important contribution to philosophy seems to be his analysis of the relation between facts of science and fictions of art. His view can be seen as a kind of complementary pluralism. That is to say, science and art are two complementary forms of achieving cognition. This position overcame the positivistic view (of his teacher Carnap) according to which the value of art is restricted to the non-cognitive function of expressing emotions. In this paper I compare some of Goodman's fundamental ideas – especially his central conception of exemplification – with their counterparts in Baumgarten, Kant, and Cassirer. Based on this comparison I argue against the tendency to regard analytic and continental philosophy as two completely separated traditions.     

Die institutionelle und die innere Familie des Analytikers

The author postulates the existence of an intense interaction between the analyst’s two families, the historical one of his infancy and the institutional one of his psychoanalytic education. In his opinion they both step into the analyst’s work with his patient on the level of his inner fantasy and to different degrees according to the various moments in the work. He points out that the common element between the infantile experience and the analytic one is the enormous opportunity for profound introjection. There are important moments that favor introjection in the young analyst’s training course which establish and constitute the cultural, theoretical and clinical foundations of his working ego and of his working self. The importance of a thoroughly analyzed separation process from the personal analyst and from the supervisors during the analysis is strongly emphasized.     

艺术的起源与思想的规定

本文首先从语源上揭示了希腊的techne[技艺]的原初含义及其与physis[自然]的共属关系,也即艺术的起源性(本源性)意义,进而分析今日控制论时代由现代科学-技术所规定的人类文化状态和人类存在处境,旨在寻求我们时代艺术和思想应有的姿态。