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1.
An integrative model of goal motives, well-being, and physical health was tested within three studies. Study 1 demonstrated
that pursuing autonomous goals was positively associated with both happiness and self-realization, whereas pursuing controlled
goals was negatively associated with self-realization, but unrelated to happiness. Study 1 further revealed that self-realization
was negatively associated with physical symptoms, whereas happiness was unrelated to the symptoms. Study 2 replicated the
findings of Study 1 while showing that academic stress mediated the relationship between self-realization and physical symptoms.
Finally, Study 3 replicated the findings of Studies 1 and 2 and additionally demonstrated that academic coping mediated the
relationship between self-realization and academic stress. These findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical implications
and directions for future research are proposed.
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2.
Clergy spouses experience various life stressors, yet many cope and function effectively in the midst of their daily challenges.
Mental health professionals were asked to identify wives of male clergy who exemplify emotional and spiritual health. Nominees
were contacted and interviews conducted with 25 women. Each interviewee was asked about coping with normal life stressors,
stressors associated with being married to a minister, and catastrophic life events. All interviews were transcribed and coded,
using grounded theory. Participants emphasized the importance of spirituality, social support, limit-setting, and healthy
lifestyle choices. Implications are discussed.
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3.
This study investigated the impact of social stress on symptoms of psychopathology at the entry into adolescence (111 girls,
Mage = 11.84, SD = 0.77). We examined whether peer stress and pubertal timing were associated with internalizing distress
and aggression, and whether responses to stress and cortisol reactivity mediated or moderated these associations. Cortisol
samples were collected from saliva samples during in-home visits, and the YSR was used to assess psychopathology. Interestingly,
pubertal timing demonstrated a trend association with cortisol. Responses to stress mediated the association between social
stress and symptoms of internalizing distress and aggression. Specifically, early maturers and girls with higher levels of
peer stress exhibited more problematic responses to stress, in turn demonstrating higher levels of internalizing distress
and aggression. Significant moderation effects also emerged. For example, early maturers who experienced higher levels of
emotional/cognitive numbing in response to peer stress were at greater risk for aggression. Findings identify coping strategies
that may be used in evidence-based programming to help girls transition more successfully into adolescence will be discussed.
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4.
We investigated proactive coping with discrimination among heavy women in both a high impact lab study (101 women) and a daily diary study (62 women). Heavy women assessed greater harm and fewer coping resources for discriminatory, as compared to non-discriminatory, hassles (Study 2). Primary appraisals of harm were important determinants of proactive coping, including primary control (attempts to change the environment) and secondary control (attempts to change the self to fit the environment) directed at discriminatory stressors (Studies 1 and 2). When heavy women used primary control coping efforts, they experienced positive interpersonal outcomes (Study 1) and less negative intrapersonal outcomes (Study 2). We discuss the benefits and limitations of engaging in proactive coping and suggest avenues for future research. 相似文献
5.
In this introduction we discuss the motivation behind the workshop “Towards a New Epistemology of Mathematics” of which this
special issue constitutes the proceedings. We elaborate on historical and empirical aspects of the desired new epistemology,
connect it to the public image of mathematics, and give a summary and an introduction to the contributions to this issue.
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6.
Mindfulness, originally a construct used in Eastern spiritual and philosophical traditions, has found new utility in psychotherapy practice. Mindfulness practice has been recently applied to treatments of several psychological and health related problems, and research is showing successful outcomes in psychological interventions incorporating mindfulness practices. Several schools of psychotherapy have theorized why mindfulness may be an effective intervention. One population which would theoretically be benefited by mindfulness practice in treatment consists of those individuals who have experienced traumatic events and are exhibiting post-traumatic stress disorder and/or related correlates of past trauma. The present paper gives a general review of the application of mindfulness to clinical psychology interventions. Additionally, we explain how mindfulness is applicable to our integrative behavioral approach to treating trauma and its sequelae. Specifically, this paper will (a) give a general overview of the conceptions and applications of mindfulness to psychology and psychotherapy and provide a brief account of the concepts origins in eastern traditions; (b) discuss the theoretical conceptualization of clinical problems that may relate to the long-term correlates of trauma; (c) describe how mindfulness, acceptance and the therapeutic relationship can address trauma symptoms and discuss a modified treatment approach for trauma survivors that incorporates mindfulness and acceptance practices into traditional exposure treatment. 相似文献
7.
It is argued that when spiritual care by physicians is linked to the empirical research indicating the salutary effect on
health of religious beliefs and practices an unintended degradation of religion is involved. It is contended that it is much
more desirable to see support for the patient’s spirituality as part of holistic care. A proposal for appropriate spiritual
care by physicians is offered.
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8.
This randomized controlled study measured the effect of chaplain interventions on coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients
over time. One hundred sixty-six CABG patients, received pre- and post-surgery testing at 1 month and 6 months with four instruments.
Five chaplain visits were made to the intervention group, the control group received none. Comparison scores for anxiety,
depression, hope, positive and negative religious coping, and religious coping styles were analyzed. Significant difference
was found between groups in positive religious coping (PRC) ( p = .023) and negative religious coping (NRC) ( p = .046) scores over time. PRC increased in intervention group, decreased in the control group while NRC decreased in intervention
group and increased in the control group. Demographics were comparable between groups. Moderate chaplain visits (average total
visits time, 44 min) may be effective in helping CABG patients increase positive religious coping and decrease negative religious
coping.
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9.
The two main objectives of this research were to determine whether Type A cognitions are related to a broader range of symptoms
than has traditionally been studied and to determine possible mediating variables. Past research and theory suggest that Type
A individuals not only experience but also generate stress and interpersonal conflict (i.e., in keeping with a psychosocial
vulnerability model). This psychosocial vulnerability may put Type A individuals at greater risk of experiencing a wide array
of physical and psychological symptoms well beyond coronary heart disease (CHD), the health outcome typically investigated.
Stress, interpersonal and non-interpersonal in nature, and perceived social support, were explored as possible mediators in
the Type A cognition-symptoms relationship using structural equation modelling (SEM) in a university sample. Non-interpersonal
stress and interpersonal stress mediated both the Type A cognition-psychological symptoms relationship and the Type A cognition-physical
symptoms relationship. However, perceived social support only mediated the Type A cognition-psychological symptoms relationship.
Results indicate that Type A individuals may experience psychosocial vulnerability, particularly reporting stress, which may
put them at risk for the experience of negative health outcomes. Implications for cognitive therapy are discussed.
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10.
Many spiritual traditions employ certain mental techniques (meditation) which consist in inhibiting mental activity whilst
nonetheless remaining fully conscious, which is supposed to lead to a realisation of one’s own true nature prior to habitual
self-substantialisation. In this paper I propose that this practice can be understood as a special means of becoming aware
of consciousness itself as such. To explain this claim I conduct some phenomenologically oriented considerations about the
nature of consciousness qua presence and the problem of self-presence of this presence.
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11.
Relatively little is known about the factor structure of disruptive behavior among preadolescent girls. The present study
reports on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of disruptive girl behavior over four successive data waves as rated
by parents and teachers in a large, representative community sample of girls ( N = 2,451). Five factors were identified from parent ratings (oppositional behavior/conduct problems, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity,
relational aggression, and callous-unemotional behaviors), and four factors were identified derived from teacher ratings (oppositional
behavior/conduct problems/callous-unemotional behaviors, inattention, hyperactivityimpulsivity, and relational aggression).
There was a high degree of consistency of items loading on equivalent factors across parent and teacher ratings. Year-to-year
stability of factors between ages five and 12 was high for parent ratings (ICC = 0.70 to 0.88), and slightly lower for teacher
ratings (ICC = 0.56 to 0.83). These findings are discussed in terms of possible adjustment to the criteria for children's
disruptive behavior disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders.
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12.
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
13.
In 2004, one of the largest earthquakes ever recorded led to a tsunami devastating two-thirds of the Sri Lankan coastline.
We examined whether certain causal beliefs (attributional style and karma, a Buddhist concept used to explain bad events)
are associated with tsunami survivors experiencing PTSD and poor health about six months later. Previous studies of causal
beliefs associated with illness following the same traumatic event have focused on Western countries and none have considered
the role of karma. We interviewed 264 Sri Lankan tsunami survivors. As predicted, we found that belief in karma and a pessimistic
explanatory style are independently associated with poor health and a pessimistic explanatory style is associated with PTSD,
after adjusting for relevant factors. Thus, both universal and more culturally specific beliefs may contribute to coping following
a natural disaster.
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14.
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
15.
It is generally agreed upon that Grice’s causal theory of perception describes a necessary condition for perception. It does
not describe sufficient conditions, however, since there are entities in causal chains that we do not perceive and not all
causal chains yield perceptions. One strategy for overcoming these problems is that of strengthening the notion of causality
(as done by David Lewis). Another is that of specifying the criteria according to which perceptual experiences should match
the way the world is (Frank Jackson and Michael Tye). Finally, one can also try to provide sufficient conditions by elaborating
on the content of perceptual experiences (Alva N?e). These different strategies are considered in this paper, with the conclusion
that none of them is successful. However, a careful examination of their problems points towards the general solution that
we outline at the end.
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17.
The current study examined rumination in response to stress as a common vulnerability factor to both depression and substance
use problems in adolescence. Specifically, we used a multi-wave longitudinal design to examine whether adolescents who tend
to ruminate in response to stress exhibit increases in depressive symptoms and substance misuse following the occurrence of
negative events. At time 1, adolescents ( n = 161) completed measures assessing depressive symptoms, substance misuse, and the tendency to ruminate in response to stress.
Every 6 weeks for the next 18 weeks participants completed measures assessing the occurrence of negative events, depressive
symptoms, and substance misuse. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses indicated that adolescents who tend to ruminate in response
to stress report greater elevations in depressive symptoms and substance misuse following elevations in negative events than
other adolescents. The relationship between rumination, negative events, and substance misuse was moderated by age. Support
was not obtained for fluctuations in depressive symptoms as a mediator of the relationship between negative events and substance
misuse. Fluctuations in negative affect, however, were found to mediate this relationship.
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18.
I argue that standard decision theories, namely causal decision theory and evidential decision theory, both are unsatisfactory.
I devise a new decision theory, from which, under certain conditions, standard game theory can be derived.
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19.
“Ontological emergence” of inherent high-level properties with causal powers is witnessed nowhere. A non-substantialist conception
of emergence works much better. It allows downward causation, provided our concept of causality is transformed accordingly.
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20.
This is a critical discussion of a paper on the problem of bootstrapping by Jose Zalabardo.
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