一个演绎推理难题对心理模型理论的验证

1　问题与目的1.1　问题的提出有一些被称之为“老实人—骗子”的逻辑推理问题 ,人们往往不能做出正确的推论。如 :有一个老实人和一个骗子 ,老实人永远说实话 ,骗子永远说假话 ,有一天他们在下象棋 ,分别说 :“一些平局是黑方先行的”“所有的平局都是黑方先行的”问 :是否可能 ,所有的平局都是黑方先行的 ?从逻辑的角度 ,正确的答案是“否”。但是 ,实际上人们却常常忽略了骗子所说的话 ,单凭某个老实人的话做出错误的推论。如上述问题 ,假定第一句话是老实人的话 ,由于这句话和结论可以同时为真 ,如果没有考虑骗子说的话 ,就做出了“是”…     

儿童“心理理论”发展的“理论论”（The theory—theory）述评

“儿童心理理论”(children’s theory of mind)的发展研究是西方80年代以来发展心理学最重要的一个研究领域,也是一个迄今已取得长足进展并前景看好的热点探索领域。本来,“心理理论”这一术语最初常常不过是指称儿童发展着的“常识心理学”(folk psychology)的一种试探法(heuristic)。但后来有许多发展心理学家进一步提出儿童对心理生活的认识真的是一种“理论”,这就形成了所谓“理论论”(The theory—theory)。     

心理理论和元认知的关系述评

近年来,心理理论和元认知的发展问题已成为发展心理学界关注的热点问题。关于心理理论和元认知的发展关系问题,研究者存在争议。本文从心理理论和元认知的综合研究视角出发,对二者的含义、主要研究方法和关系进行了分析,从而为未来的相关研究提供一种角度。     

对心理理论两成分认知模型的验证

Tager-Flusberg 和 Sullivan（2000）从主体信息加工的角度出发首次提出了一个心理理论模型,认为心理理论包括两个成分：一个是社会知觉成分,一个是社会认知成分。本研究设计了一个适合儿童特点的测查社会知觉成分的任务,将对心理理论两成分模型作进一步的验证,并对语言和心理理论两个成分的关系进行了初步探讨。被试为90名3~5岁的儿童,男女各半。结果表明心理理论的认知成分同语言相关密切,而知觉成分同语言没有表现出明显的相关。这个结果为该认知模型提供了进一步的证据     

演绎推理中的心理模型理论及相关研究

推理是问题解决中的一个重要研究领域。多年来一直受到心理学家们的关注。推理有多种形式。演绎推理是其重要的一个组成部分。     

推理中心理模型理论的研究与发展

心理模型理论是推理研究中最有影响的理论之一,理论体系完整地解释了推理的进行,认为个体推理要经历理解、描述、有效检验三个阶段。心理模型理论对推理做了大量预测,假设单模型问题比多模型问题容易、系统错误与第一个前提模型有关、知识影响推理过程,并检验了预测的合理性。近十几年来,心理模型理论在推理各个领域中均得到发展,包括对推理在大脑中编码的研究,对元推理的研究及可能性推理等方面。     

“心理理论”的神经机制：来自脑成像的证据

“心理理论”是认知发展领域的研究热点之一,迄今已积累了大量行为研究的证据。心理理论具有领域特异的模块化认知机制,脑成像研究中也发现心理理论任务激活前额叶皮质等多个模块区域。论文阐述了真实表征与错误信念、心智互动等心理理论推理的神经机制,总结了该领域存在的问题并对今后研究的发展趋势进行了展望。     

“心理理论”研究述评

自Premack和Woodruff于1978年提出心理理论至今,心理理论研究已走过30多年的历程。当前心理理论研究已经成为发展心理学、心灵哲学、认知科学所关注的热门课题,笔者应用文献资料查找与分析的方法,主要回顾心理理论研究的缘起和概念、研究内容与基本范式、理论模型、拓展领域的发展情况,并在此基础上对该领域未来研究方向做了展望。     

3～6岁儿童“心理理论”的发展

“心理理论”是发展心理学的研究热点,在儿童获得心理理论的年龄和发展阶段问题上仍存在争议。该研究以3所城市幼儿园中的233名3-6岁儿童为被试,采用“意外转移”和“欺骗外表”两个错误信念测验任务考察儿童“心理理论”的获得年龄和发展阶段。研究得出如下结论:3岁之前儿童已理解外表与真实的区别,但还不能理解错误信念。 4岁儿童理解了欺骗外表任务中自己和他人的错误信念,5岁儿童理解了意外转移任务中的错误信念。4-5岁是儿童获得“心理理论”的关键年龄,但这会因测验任务的不同而有所差异。儿童的错误信念理解不存在显著的性别差异。     

控制相关理论述评

在控制感与实际控制行为的区分基础上,回顾了与控制相关的理论,分析了各理论的特点和新近的研究;指出各种控制理论都是从不同的侧面研究控制,自成体系,缺乏沟通;控制概念模糊,理论间重叠严重,尚无一个理论能很好的将它们整合;存在的问题直接导致了控制测评的混乱,阻碍了进一步的分析研究;理清控制感与真实控制之间的关系,对进一步改进和标准化控制感评估有重要意义。     

共享心智模型：分布、层次与准确性初探

共享心智模型理论在理论和应用上已经有20多年的历史了,但它尚留有若干基本问题。共享应当包括多种形式,可从同异质和依赖性的关系上进行分析和测量;共享应是多层次多内容的,包括具体的底层构架和上层的抽象构架,以及指向共享内容的态度和信念;在共享心智的准确性和相似性上,唯一的专家心智模型可能不存在,且共享心智模型的演变发展过程较向专家靠近而言更有意义。共享不是团队过程的简单输出,共享心智模型可能包含一套团队加工过程     

时间序列关系推理研究概述

时间序列关系推理是对事件发生的先后顺序关系的推理,是日常生活思维的重要方面。已有的研究关注3类推理问题,探查了不同任务变式下成人时间序列关系推理过程和推理策略,研究结果多支持心理模型理论。未来的研究应探明3类问题的性质,从心理逻辑理论的角度深化策略的研究结果,进一步揭示推理的机制。     

Rectifying the Mischaracterization of Logic by Mental Model Theorists

Khemlani et al. (2018) mischaracterize logic in the course of seeking to show that mental model theory (MMT) can accommodate a form of inference (, let us label it) they find in a high percentage of their subjects. We reveal their mischaracterization and, in so doing, lay a landscape for future modeling by cognitive scientists who may wonder whether human reasoning is consistent with, or perhaps even capturable by, reasoning in a logic or family thereof. Along the way, we note that the properties touted by Khemlani et al. as innovative aspects of MMT-based modeling (e.g., nonmonotonicity) have for decades been, in logic, acknowledged and rigorously specified by families of (implemented) logics. Khemlani et al. (2018) further declare that is “invalid in any modal logic.” We demonstrate this to be false by our introduction (Appendix A) of a new propositional modal logic (within a family of such logics) in which is provably valid, and by the implementation of this logic. A second appendix, B, partially answers the two-part question, “What is a formal logic, and what is it for one to capture empirical phenomena?”     

三维干预促进小学生心理健康的研究

为了探索有效的小学生心理健康教育模式,以昆明市两所普通小学分别作为实验组和对照组进行了为期两年的实验研究,对影响小学生心理健康的主要因素:教师、家长和学生自身三个子系统进行了多侧面的三维干预。结果表明:(1)实验组学生比对照组学生的总体一般焦虑水平下降;(2)学习适应性提高;(3)问题行为症候群的学生人数和问题行为比干预前明显减少。验证了教师、家长、学生三维干预结合模式对促进小学生心理健康的有效性。     

心理定势发生机制的模型建构

心理定势作为个体的一种预备状态,是先前的活动倾向对后来活动的影响,前苏联格鲁吉亚学派围绕它建立了较为完备的传统心理定势理论。而该文则希冀超越传统社会心理学的视角,以信息加工的心理学视角,使用图式理论重新阐释心理定势现象发生的内在作用机制,尝试建构“定势现象的图式激活过程理论模型”。     

The Mental Model Theory of Conditionals: A Reply to Guy Politzer

This paper replies to Politzer’s (2007) criticisms of the mental model theory of conditionals. It argues that the theory provides a correct account of negation of conditionals, that it does not provide a truth-functional account of their meaning, though it predicts that certain interpretations of conditionals yield acceptable versions of the ‘paradoxes’ of material implication, and that it postulates three main strategies for estimating the probabilities of conditionals.     

Mental imagery increases self-determined motivation to exercise with university enrolled women: A randomized controlled trial using a peer-based intervention

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a peer-based mental imagery intervention on the self-determined motivation and cardio-respiratory fitness of university enrolled women.DesignRandomized controlled trial.Method43 University enrolled women were randomized to peer-mentored or peer-mentored plus mental imagery conditions while 32 completed three meetings with peer-mentors and post-testing (M^age = 19.91; SD = 1.70).ResultsSignificant improvements in cardio-respiratory endurance, ratings of perceived endurance, and self-determined motivation to exercise were observed across both study conditions. Participants assigned to the peer mentored plus mental imagery condition reported significantly greater increases in self-determined motivation to exercise at post-test compared to those in the peer-mentored condition.ConclusionsPeer-based interventions are a viable way to improve fitness and health outcomes while mental imagery appears to be associated with increases in autonomous forms of exercise motivation.     

Mutual Help Groups for Mental Health Problems: A Review of Effectiveness Studies

This paper reviews empirical studies on whether participating in mutual help groups for people with mental health problems leads to improved psychological and social functioning. To be included, studies had to satisfy four sets of criteria, covering: (1) characteristics of the group, (2) target problems, (3) outcome measures, and (4) research design. The 12 studies meeting these criteria provide limited but promising evidence that mutual help groups benefit people with three types of problems: chronic mental illness, depression/anxiety, and bereavement. Seven studies reported positive changes for those attending support groups. The strongest findings come from two randomized trials showing that the outcomes of mutual help groups were equivalent to those of substantially more costly professional interventions. Five of the 12 studies found no differences in mental health outcomes between mutual help group members and non-members; no studies showed evidence of negative effects. There was no indication that mutual help groups were differentially effective for certain types of problems. The studies varied in terms of design quality and reporting of results. More high-quality outcome research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of mutual help groups across the spectrum of mental health problems.     

Braine心理逻辑理论述评

该文对Braine提出的在推理心理学研究领域占居重要地位的“心理逻辑理论”做了综合述评。“心理逻辑理论”主要包括三方面内容:构成“心理逻辑理论”基础的一组推理规则图式、将推理规则图式应用于推理过程的推理方案、实际应用意义。Braine认为他和他的同事于1984年设计并实施的以“自然推理系统”所含各推理规则为实验材料的实验结果支持该理论的基本观点。     

A Social Relations Model of need supportiveness

Basic need fulfillment has important implications for optimal growth and development and may be derived through receiving need support from others. Thus far, research has primarily focused on single-person ratings of (perceptions of) need supportiveness. Thus, it is unclear whether perceptions of need supportiveness are dyadically specific and reciprocal and to what extent need supportiveness may be trait-based. In the current study, sorority and fraternity members (N = 117, ethnically diverse, 78% male) completed self-ratings and other-ratings of perceptions of need supportiveness using a round-robin design. Data was analyzed according to the Social Relations Model. We found that people tended to consistently see others as, and be seen by others as, need supportive (or not). These perceptions were related to self-reported need supportiveness, suggesting that people may have perceptual biases, and there was self-other agreement in terms of need supportiveness. These findings suggest that need supportiveness may represent an individual difference and not just a dyadic construct. Moreover, those that rated themselves as need supportive were also seen by others as need supportive, providing some support for the validity of self-report measures of need supportiveness.