时间隐喻对时距判断的影响作用

本研究考查了反映不同时速的时间隐喻句对时距判断的影响,结果发现时间隐喻表征对时距判断有导向功能,即将移动速度慢的喻体投射于时间时会带来对时距判断的高估,而将移动速度快的喻体投射于时间时会造成对时距判断的低估,这一结果表明语言也会是影响时距判断的因素之一,从而进一步佐证了时间认知的综合观。     

视觉计时行为的时间信息加工透视

1　引言　　现实生活中 ,许多活动都在视觉控制之下并需要精确的计时 ,观察者准确判断物体到达某一特定点的时间———碰撞时间 (Ｔｉｍｅ Ｔｏ Ｃｏｌｌｉｓｉｏｎ)或接触时间(Ｔｉｍｅ Ｔｏ Ｃｏｎｔａｃｔ)ＴＴＣ的能力是至关重要的。例如 :当运动员跃起接一个飞来的球时 ,高台跳水运动员完成跳水动作时 ,以及司机驾驶机动车为避免碰撞而刹车时都包含着人对接触时间 (ＴＴＣ)的判断 ,乒乓球赛中打短球等行为也需要有关球与终端效应者碰撞的时间协调信息。生态学研究表明 ,当观察者在环境中运动或物体相对于观察者运动时 ,会引起一个视觉…     

时距估计任务中的间断期望效应

使用单任务研究程序,采用引入提示线索的方法,以产生时距作为反应指标对存在间断的时距估计任务中的间断期望效应和提示线索效应（注意效应）进行系统考察,并对间断时距的效应、产生时距与等待时距的关系问题作出进一步探讨。结果表明,间断位置（等待时距）因素是被试时间判断的主要线索,被试的产生时距随着等待时距的增加而延长。间断实验中表现出极其显著的提示线索效应,此效应既增加了时距估计的变异,又延长了被试的时距估计。无间断实验条件下,被试表现出显著的间断期望效应,被试对间断的期望有损于时间估计。     

言语产生中汉语词类信息的加工进程

采用视觉呈现干扰词的图片一词干扰实验范式,探讨产生不同语法结构时言语产生汉语词类信息的加工进程.3个实验分别考察了以单字词、名词短语和简单陈述句命名图片时词类信息的加工,结果发现:三个实验中都存在不同词类干扰的不一致,名词干扰比非名词干扰更强烈;语义加工与语法特征加工存在重叠的时间窗,研究结果支持言语产生的交互激活理论.     

智力与信息加工速度研究中的检测时范式

检测时是信息加工速度的重要指标,也是智力与信息加工速度关系的研究领域内一种重要的实验范式。文章在简要介绍反应时范式的基础上,着重介绍了检测时范式的实验任务、基本原理以及检测时与智商之间的关系。同时,通过与反应时范式的比较,讨论了检测时范式在智力与信息加工速度研究中的优点和局限性,以及其在解决相关研究领域问题上的方法学意义。     

现实驱动和情节驱动对时间信息表征的影响

采用动窗技术,探讨在记叙文理解中现实驱动和情节驱动对时间信息表征的影响.实验1验证了强印象假设中时间转换的效应,说明读者是根据对现实的期望来建构情境模型的,具体来说,读者采用现实驱动的加工方式表征情境模型中的时间信息.实验2探讨现实驱动和情节驱动对时间信息表征的共同影响,结果表明,读者根据故事情节产生的愿望在一定程度上改变了现实驱动所产生的时间转换的效应,证实了情节驱动在表征情境模型中的时间信息时的作用.     

Intelligence Measurement by Computerized Information Processing using Inspection Time

A computer program was used to investigate the correlation of IQ with inspection time (IT). The program was written as a space game and was presented to 122 fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade children. The results were then compared to known Otis-Lennon IQ scores. The correlation was moderately high (.79), most subjects scoring within one stanine of the Otis IQ. Not included in the correlation sample were 23 children of the same grade and age level who were classified by school officials as having reading and language difficulties. All of these children scored significantly higher in IT and teacher evaluation than they did on the SAT vocabulary test and the Otis IQ. IT is a useful alternative to the more traditional measures of IQ. In addition, the computerized approach used in this study overcame many of its criticisms.     

加工时间和加工速度对工作记忆广度的影响

对工作记忆广度机制的四个模型:资源共享模型、任务转换假说、干扰说和时间资源共享模型进行了检验。以60名大学本科生为被试,完成工作记忆广度任务和转换任务。结果表明:加工时间和加工项目数不是影响工作记忆广度的主要因素;工作记忆广度受到加工速度的影响;工作记忆广度和线索-任务转换代价呈显著的负相关关系。结果支持时间资源共享模型,工作记忆广度取决于注意在加工和存储之间快速、灵活的转换。     

负相容效应中启动项-目标项关系对阈下信息加工的影响

采用掩蔽启动范式考察了负相容效应中启动项与目标项关系对阈下信息加工的影响,以及是否存在语义水平的负相容效应.两个实验分别以双箭头和汉字为掩蔽启动项,考察启动项和目标项重复、加工水平相同及加工水平不同三种条件下的启动效应.结果发现,两个实验的重复及加工水平相同条件下都出现负相容效应,且重复条件下启动量最大,加工水平不同条件下则无启动.这表明:(1)启动项与目标项的知觉重复影响启动量,但不是负相容效应的必要条件,只有当启动项和目标项加工水平相同时,才出现负相容效应;(2)存在语义水平上的负相容效应,阈下语义信息可得到加工并表现为对后继同类反应的抑制.     

时距估计年龄差异的认知机制

采用双任务的实验范式,通过对（5s、13s和26s）三个目标时距的产生法和复制法的结果来探讨时距估计年龄差异的认知机制。实验结果表明,在不同目标时距和不同的估计方法上均存在显著的年龄效应。年老被试在产生法上比年轻被试显著高估时距,存在非时间任务和年龄的交互作用,随着任务难度的增加年老被试会比年轻被试产生更长的时距。而在复制法上年老被试比年轻被试显著低估时距,但是只有在长时距条件下（26s）存在非时间任务和年龄的交互作用。本研究结果表明年老被试在产生法上对时距的高估可能与内部时钟减慢和注意资源减少有关,而在复制法上对时距的低估可能反映注意资源的减少。此外,对于长时距的时间复制,情节记忆的损伤也是导致时距估计年龄差异的一个可能原因。     

The Time Course of Verb Processing in Dutch Sentences

The verb has traditionally been characterized as the central element in a sentence. Nevertheless, the exact role of the verb during the actual ongoing comprehension of a sentence as it unfolds in time remains largely unknown. This paper reports the results of two Cross-Modal Lexical Priming (CMLP) experiments detailing the pattern of verb priming during on-line processing of Dutch sentences. Results are contrasted with data from a third CMLP experiment on priming of nouns in similar sentences. It is demonstrated that the meaning of a matrix verb remains active throughout the entire matrix clause, while this is not the case for the meaning of a subject head noun. Activation of the meaning of the verb only dissipates upon encountering a clear signal as to the start of a new clause.     

Nontemporal measures of performance on a computerized block design task

A computerized block design task was developed which records temporal and nontemporal measures of performance. This study evaluates the reliability of the measures and reports their intercorrelations. With one exception, the measures showed moderate to good reliability. The results indicate that increasing the difficulty of the task and testing a more diverse sample may be necessary for improved reliability. A nontemporal method of scoring a block-design task would be useful when testing persons who have handicaps affecting motor skills, but no central nervous system deficits.     

Nontemporal measures of performance on a computerized block design task

A computerized block design task was developed which records temporal and nontemporal measures of performance. This study evaluates the reliability of the measures and reports their intercorrelations. With one exception, the measures showed moderate to good reliability. The results indicate that increasing the difficulty of the task and testing a more diverse sample may be necessary for improved reliability. A nontemporal method of scoring a block-design task would be useful when testing persons who have handicaps affecting motor skills, but no central nervous system deficits.     

语音信息对中国英语学习者语义加工的影响及其脑机制

本研究采用经典的句尾畸义词诱发N400的ERP实验范式探讨了中国英语学习者在进行英文阅读时语音的影响及其相关脑机制。实验包括两类畸义语句:1.同音畸义:句尾词有畸义,但语音和相应正常语义句尾词相同;2.非同音畸义:句尾词有畸义,且语音和相应正常语义句尾词不同。行为数据显示:在错误率上同音畸义显著地高于非同音畸义。ERP显示:无论在早期(N100)还是晚期(N400)脑电成份上,同音畸义和非同音畸义的ERP振幅都有明显差异。本研究从行为和脑电两个方面一致揭示中国英语学习者阅读英文时受到了语音的影响。     

The Effect of Boundaries on Space Estimation

C. U. Ariëns Kappers, G. C. Huber, &; E. C. Crosby. The Comparative Anatomy of the Nervous System of Vertebrates, Including Man. Two volumes. New York: Macmillan, 1936. Pp. xvii+864; xi+981. $16.00. Reviewed by Morton A. Rubin.     

情境模型中的时间表征研究

阅读理解中情境模型的建构是当今阅读研究的热点 ,自Zwaan等人提出事件标记模型理论以来 ,很多研究者对影响情境模型建构的空间维度进行了深入的研究 ,尽管对情境模型中时间维度的研究相对缺乏 ,但仍得出了一些有价值的研究成果。本文对情境模型中时间表征的理论假设、实验研究、技术手段及主要研究结论作了介绍和评析 ,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

The Role of Asymmetrical Coding of Duration Samples in Producing the Choose-Short Effect in Pigeons

Pigeons were trained on two independent matching-to-duration-samples tasks; one involved 2- and 10-s durations and color choice stimuli, and the other involved 4.5- and 22.5-s durations and line choice stimuli. Accuracy was above chance on mixed-choice probes in which either of the short-duration samples was followed by the two short-associated stimuli. Following explicit training on mixed-choice trials involving choice between the two short- and the two long-associated stimuli, a choose-short effect was demonstrated with both sets of duration samples. These findings are inconsistent with the possibility that the choose-short effect reflects processes of asymmetrical-sample coding and default responding.     

The Influence of Sex Information on Gender Word Processing

Three different tasks (word repetition, lexical decision, and gender decision) were designed to explore the impact of the sex clues (sex of the speaker, sex of the addressee) and the type of gender (semantic, arbitrary) on the processing of isolated Spanish gendered words. The findings showed that the grammatical gender feature was accessed when no mandatory attentional focus was required. In addition, the results indicated that the participants organize information according to their own sex role, which provides more salience to the words that match in grammatical gender with their own sex role representation, even when the gender assignment is arbitrary. Finally, the sex of the speaker biased the lexical access and the grammatical gender selection, serving as a semantic prime when the two dimensions have a congruent relationship. Furthermore, the masculine form serves as the generic gender representing both male and female figures.     

广告的加工时间和注意水平对消费者信息加工模式的影响

本研究通过直接测量、间接测量和加工分离程序这几种测量方法检验了消费者对广告品牌名称的外显记忆和内隐记忆,并考察了各种测量方法对注意水平和信息加工时间的敏感性。结果发现：(1)分散注意条件下,再认成绩降低,而名牌判断任务的成绩没有差异;控制性加工减少,而自动化加工在各种注意水平下变化不大;(2)广告刺激呈现时间的减少降低了控制性的加工;(3)PDP可以分离广告的控制性加工和自动化加工。     

韩国、印尼留学生汉字识别中形音义的激活

该研究采用基于语义的和基于语音的启动范畴判断作业,在不同的SOA条件下,考察了中级汉语水平韩国和印尼留学生高频汉字识别中形音义信息激活的相对时间进程。结果表明,表意文字背景的韩国留学生高频汉字识别中形音义信息激活的时序是字形—字义—字音,拼音文字背景的印尼留学生高频汉字识别中形音义信息激活的时序是字形—字音—字义;高频汉字的语音激活是自动的,印尼留学生的语音激活要早于韩国留学生。母语的认知加工特点影响中级汉语水平留学生高频汉字识别形音义激活的时间进程。