Suicides among family members of elderly suicide victims: an exploratory study

This exploratory study compares elderly suicides with (n=13) and without (n=72) family member suicide. Previous episodes of suicidal behavior were more common among suicides who lost first-degree relatives by suicide (100% vs. 65%, p = .009). Six persons had lost an offspring by suicide prior to their own deaths. Substance use disorder was more prevalent among those with offspring suicide than those without (100% vs. 25%, p = .000). While informants reported that offspring suicides played a central role in the suicide of the elderly study case, sibbling suicides were not considered precipitating factors.     

Male sexual assault victims: a selective review of the literature and implications for support services

In recent years much has been done to publicize the plight of female rape victims. However, the sexual assault of adult males has received little attention in the research literature or by the public. This paper provides a selective review of the research into the prevalence and effects of male sexual assault victims. Research shows that the effects of sexual assault on adult males are often severe. This paper also outlines findings from experimental studies that have shown that reactions towards male sexual assault victims depend on both the victim's sexual orientation and the perpetrator's gender. Finally, implications for support services are outlined. Victims of both male and female perpetrators are considered, and both gay and heterosexual victims are discussed in relation to the specific needs of these victims. The needs of transgendered victims are also briefly considered, as are the needs of the sexual partners of male sexual assault victims. This paper concludes by offering some suggestions for future research.     

Community service for misdemeanours in Accra: Preferences of offenders,victims, judiciary,and community members

Taking religiosity into account, the study explored preferences for community service sentencing by victims, offenders, judiciary, and community members from Accra, Ghana. One hundred and ninety respondents were sampled (females = 38.42%, offenders = 5.26%, victims = 58.95%, law enforcement = 10.52%, members of the Judiciary = 4.74%, and general community members = 65.26%). They responded to the Attitude Towards Community Service Questionnaire, and the data were analysed utilising ANOVA between group difference tests. Offenders expressed a higher preference for community sentencing than victims and members of the judiciary. Religion aligned participants supported community sentencing. Community sentencing seems a preferred sentencing option by a cross section of Ghanaian community members for adult non-violent offenders.     

Experienced closeness and distance among family members

This study looks at experienced emotional closeness among family members using a projective measure, the Family Paper Sculpture. Results support the hypothesis that, in a non-clinical population, experiences of extreme closeness and extreme distance may be different manifestations of the same underlying process. Some support is found for the hypothesis that families in which relationships are experienced as very close or very distant at one point in time may experience those same relationships as extreme in the opposite direction at another point in time. Global coding of taped family interactions supports the hypothesis that extremes of experienced closeness are associated with more conflict, less ability to resolve differences, and less warmth and support among family members. It is suggested that the experience of being very close, varying through time with the experience of being very distant, may be associated with disappointed attempts to achieve closeness with autonomy.worked on this research while a graduate student in psychology at the University of Houston-Clear Lake.David C. Bell, PhD, completed work on this report while at Texas A & M University. He is presently working on a book about connection and dependency.The studies reported here were supported by grants from the National Institute for Mental Health and the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health. The authors would like to thank David Gutterman, Sheila Jones, Judy Nunn, and Theresa Rourke for coding the global scales.     

The impact of depression on caregivers and other family members: Implications for professional support

Inspired by clinical contacts with a number of clients with a depressed relative, this research focuses upon how a person in such circumstances is affected. Based upon a self-selected sample of members of the Depression Alliance a postal questionnaire and detailed interviews were conducted. The authors propose a four-phase model of the caregiving experience and consider the following questions: how do families account for depression? How is a family's emotional life affected? What have been caregivers' experiences with mental health professionals? What are the factors which assist or hinder their search for help? Is there a role for counselling and if so, is there a best time for it? Findings support the notion that family caregivers are a group at risk and that their need to talk about their mutative experiences is optimally met through supportive and exploratory counselling once patient-state is stable.     

Social networks of family members: Distinctive roles of mothers and fathers

The personal social networks of fathers, mothers, and adolescent children in a sample of intact family triads were examined in order to explore the effect of sex role on parent-adolescent continuities in social orientations. Comparison of father-adolescent and mother-adolescent associations in characteristics of personal networks revealed, overall, that adolescents were more consonant with mothers than with fathers, particularly in the area of kinship relations. Fathers' distinctive associations with adolescents were in the area of friendship relations and concerned affective aspects of relationships. These patterns of association were not dependent on gender of adolescent. Findings are interpreted in terms of the documented role of mothers as “kinkeepers” in family affairs and in terms of emerging work suggesting the salience of interaction with fathers for children's development of sensitivity to affective cues.     

Biopolitics: Lessons from history

Biopolitics is an emerging subdiscipline within the field of political science. The essay examines historical antecedents and delineates three categories of such works: 1) metaphor, 2) evolutionary/genetic influences on behavior, and 3) public policy implications. A number of problems with these works are noted. Finally, suggestions for the current interest in biopolitics are outlined, based upon the historical analysis.     

Educating for Moral Development: Lessons Learned from Experience

Mentkowski reflects upon her own professional development, how Kohlberg influenced the formation of a new kind of educator, and how her current interest in the valuing process of college students and professionals has been shaped.     

Child sexual abuse by family members: A radical feminist perspective

Radical feminist theory states that patriarchy is related to the oppression and victimization of women. This study focuses on the extent to which radical feminist theory can be used to understand male and female children as victims of sexual abuse by female and male family members. The data are cases (N=3864) of “substantiated” and “indicated” intrafamilial child sexual abuse reported to the Indiana Department of Public Welfare. The sample is approximately 80% white and mostly middle to lower middle class. In support of the theory, it was found that, while men were overwhelmingly perpetrators of child sexual abuse in the family (87%), girls were usually the victims (85%), even when the perpetrator was a woman. Women abused more boys in single-parent homes than in two-parent homes that contained a man as representative of the patriarchal order. In contrast, the presence of a woman in two-parent families did not inhibit the victimization of girls. Men victimized more girls in two-parent homes than in single-parent homes. Additional support for radical feminist theory was indicated by the finding that most women were coperpetrators with a man, while over 90% of the men acted alone.     

Family discussion group therapy for major depression: a brief systemic multi‐family group intervention for hospitalized patients and their family members

This paper describes a brief systemic multi‐family group intervention for hospitalized patients with major depression and their family members. The presented treatment integrates elements of systemic therapy, social constructionist and narrative concepts and the family systems‐illness model. It has further adapted a specific multi‐family group format combining marital group sessions and family group sessions. Similarities and differences with other family interventions for depression are discussed. The therapeutic foundations and goals, the organization, and the therapeutic process are explained. A number of clinical vignettes are presented to illustrate the treatment procedure. Although the first clinical impressions about the usefulness of the family discussion group intervention are promising, the efficacy of the treatment awaits the completion of a clinical trial that is currently underway.     

Visual kin recognition and family resemblance in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

The male-offspring biased visual kin recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) reported by L. A. Parr and F. B. M. de Waal (1999) was replicated with human (Homo sapiens) participants and a principal components analysis (PCA) of pixel maps of the chimpanzee face photos. With the same original materials and methods, both humans and the PCA produced the same asymmetry in kin recognition as found with the chimpanzees. The PCA suggested that the asymmetry was a function of differences in the distribution of global characteristics associated with the framing of the faces in the son and daughter test sets. Eliminating potential framing biases, either by cropping the photos tightly to the faces or by rebalancing the recognition foils, eliminated the asymmetry but not human participants' ability to recognize chimpanzee kin.     

Children of victims of terrorist activities: A family approach to dealing with tragedy

Abstract

The present report deals with the treatment of families of victims of terrorist activities. Such families are subject to an initial crisis situation involving severe stress as well as disruption in family role structure and homeo-stasis. Much of the trauma precipitated by such events is a result of their suddenness, their salience in the public consciousness and the consequent stigma they produce towards survivors and/or relatives of victims. A number of specific issues were common in the two case studies presented in this report as well as in other families affected by terrorism. These included dealing with the need to be a superparent and correcting unrealistic expectations, teaching effective limit setting including giving permission to be a parent, giving permission to be an adult, dealing with guilt and phobic reactions as well as family and network reorganization. Therapy concentrated on promoting family strengths and coping and deemphasized individual pathology. Common to most families treated was the strong desire of the victim's children to be treated as normal and not as psychological casualties. Thus, family therapy proved to be an ideal treatment modality for dealing with the tragic loss. By focusing on the problems of day-to-day living, the mourning work evolved naturally in the course of therapy. Specific therapeutic modalities such as cotherapy and network intervention facilitated family adjustment considerably.     

Newcomer socialization: The role of supervisors, coworkers, friends and family members

The present study examined referents for sensemaking and the relationships between choice of referent and socialization outcomes. Newly hired employees of a state department of mental health were surveyed at two time periods approximately six months apart. Results indicated that newcomer use of friends and family as referents for sensemaking predicted socialization outcomes at Time 1, whereas use of supervisors and coworkers as referents for sensemaking predicted socialization outcomes at Time 2. The implications of these results for practice are discussed.The authors would like to thank Meryl Reis Louis for her assistance in developing the measures used in this study. We also acknowledge the helpful comments of Kevin Mossholder, Craig Russell and Adrienne Collela on previous drafts of this paper.     

Friendship and loneliness among bullies and victims: Data from seven countries

Research suggests that the relationship between school bullying and its various risk factors should be clearer among girls than boys, and should become stronger with age, as roles within the peer group stabilise. This paper tests this theory by comparing sex, school type, and bully/victim status differences in friendships and playground social interactions, using data from nine surveys in seven countries: China, England, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Portugal, and Spain. A total of approximately 48,000 children completed various translations of the Olweus Bullying Questionnaire. Small but generally consistent main effects were found for sex and school type (boys and primary pupils enjoyed playtimes more and had more friends, but were also more likely to spend playtimes alone). Larger effects were consistently found for bully/victim status (victims were significantly worse off on all the measures in all the samples where a difference was found, while bullies and neutrals did not differ consistently), but the interactions between these factors varied widely between samples and there were few consistent patterns. It is concluded that bullying is a universal phenomenon with many negative correlates for victims and few (if any) for bullies, but that there are cultural variations in the way that bullying is related to sex, age, and social support. Aggr. Behav. 30:71–83, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.