学习障碍儿童的基本能力特征

本研究调查了184名学习障碍儿童的主要行为特征,运用因素分析方法获得了七个因素的简单结构.这七个因素分别被命名为:视知觉能力、语言能力、社交能力、理解能力、行为问题、运动能力和感觉-动作能力,说明了这些基本学习能力的不足以及发生行为问题是导致儿童产生学习障碍的主要原因.此外,除了行为问题之外,其它六种能力均无显着性的性别差异;所有七个方面的年龄差异均不显着,说明本样本中3到14岁儿童的学习障碍均有可能是由于这七种能力的不足而引起的.     

学习障碍儿童深度知觉能力的研究

学习障碍日渐成为人们关注的问题。有研究者认为．视觉一空间认知缺陷是学习障碍的重要成因之一,可导致阅读障碍、计算障碍和行为笨拙等。     

情绪主题绘本阅读对自闭症谱系障碍儿童情绪理解障碍的干预效果

本研究选取一名15岁的重度自闭症谱系障碍儿童为研究对象,采用眼动追踪技术考察其情绪主题绘本阅读的眼动特征,并制定情绪主题绘本阅读方案,对该儿童的情绪理解障碍进行干预.结果显示:(1)在干预前,这名儿童阅读情绪主题绘本时更加关注背景区域,而较少注意主角形象区域,在整体画面中最后关注甚至忽视主角表情这一重要信息.(2)通过情绪主题绘本阅读干预,这名儿童对主角表情的首次注视前时间减少,注意分配时间和注视次数显著增加;情绪理解能力也显著提高.     

小学生学习障碍与学习动机、学习能力的相关研究

本研究采用中小学生团体智力筛选测验和LD行为量表从332名小学三、五年级儿童中筛选出50名小学LD儿童,检出率为15.06%,并对其进行学习动机诊断测验(MAAT)和提高学习能力因素诊断测验(FAT),以探讨小学儿童学习障碍的可能成因。结果表明:(1)60%的小学LD儿童表现为理解能力不足;(2)在MAAT与FAT各因素中,对小学LD儿童基本学习能力影响最重要的因素是在校学习方法、心理健康、身体健康、自己责任性、FAT总分,其次是考试焦虑-回避失败动机、在家学习方法、成功动机及其技能场面。可以认为影响小学LD儿童的主要因素是学习方法、学习动机和身心健康。     

数学学习障碍儿童问题解决的表征研究

本研究以小学四年级学生为被试,采用口语报告法探讨论了数学学习障碍儿童问题解决的表征情况。研究发现：数学学习障碍儿童问题解决的表征时间较短;数学学习障碍儿童问题解决的表征类型单一;数学学习障碍儿童问题解决的表征缺乏有效性。     

学习能力障碍筛查量表的修订和在小学生中的试用

本研究对国外“学习能力障碍儿童筛查量表(PRS)”进行了翻译和修订,并在广州市区小学生中试用。结果表明,该量表各项目的得分均值分布与原量表相符;信度和效度检验值均在可接受范围内。经因子分析,量表中可析出三个主因素:言语性因素、操作性因素和社会适应性因素。广州市区小学生中学习能力障碍筛出率为15.1%,男高于女。研究表明,PRS量表在筛查和甄别学习能力障碍儿童方面效价颇高,亦适于团体评定。     

测验与反馈在分段视频学习中的作用

分段原则是多媒体和视频学习中通过分段促进学习的重要原则。本研究探讨了测验和反馈对分段的影响。实验1对比了观看分段视频和在分段中进行测验两种情境,结果表明分段中测验会提高学习表现。实验2对比了分段视频、分段中测验和分段中测验并提供反馈三种情境。结果发现分段组与分段测验组之间没有差异,接受反馈的学习者学习表现最好。结果表明在分段视频中测验和反馈具有积极效应,对多媒体和线上学习具有潜在的意义。     

表现性测验在能力评价中的应用

相对传统的纸笔测验形式,表现性测验的突出特点是任务的真实性水平较高。表现性测验是一种认知导向的测验。在国外教育、医学、心理咨询与治疗等领域的能力评价中,一系列表现性测验已被开发出来并用于实践,获得了较好的心理测量学指标。表现性测验可用于国内学生、教师的能力评价,辅助人才选拔以及相关职业资格认证的实践。表现性测验开发过程中若合理应用概化理论、项目反应理论等现代测量理论,对于提高测验信度和效度都有一定积极意义。     

儿童图形表征能力测验编制的初步报告

表征能力发展部分地体现为对事物中隐含关系的理解或推理的复杂程度.基于辛自强的\"关系-表征复杂性模型\",结合Halford的\"关系复杂性\"理论,通过事前分析任务复杂性确定了难度不同的项目,最终编制成儿童图形表征能力测验,该测验共50个(25类)项目.以265名小学3~6年级儿童为被试,采用计算机呈现方式施测了该测验.结果表明:项目的难度和区分度以及整个测验的重测信度、构想效度、效标关联效度均良好;基于理论的事前任务分析(确定任务的维度数与每个维度内的元素数)对事后任务难度的预测率较高(83.4%).可见,所编制的图形测验能有效测查儿童表征水平.     

动态测验对“数学学习困难”儿童的进一步甄别

本研究意在考查动态测验对数学学习困难儿童作进一步程度区分的有效性。以传统且常用的数学学习困难鉴别方式和标准选取30名四年级数学学习困难儿童为实验组,30名同年级智力匹配儿童为对照组,以Swanson认知加工测验(S-CPT)的4个子测验为测量工具对被试进行动态测验。结果发现：(1)在传统数学学习困难鉴别方式的基础上,动态测验的“潜在认知能力”指标可以对儿童数学成绩增加19%的预测力;(2)以“潜在认知能力”指标为依据能够将数学学习困难儿童进一步区分为“发展落后”和“发展缺陷”两个水平;(3)“发展落后”儿童一年内数学成绩发生了增长性变化,与正常儿童水平相当,而“发展缺陷”儿童的数学成绩没有变化。研究证实关注潜能指标的动态测验范式在快速、准确甄别数学学习困难儿童上具有独特效用。     

学习困难儿童和非学习困难儿童元记忆特点的对比研究

本研究通过向62名学习困难儿童和56名非学习困难儿童呈现数字和图形两种记忆材料,就主试控制和被试控制条件下两类儿童的元记忆水平进行了对比研究,旨在找出学习困难儿童的元记忆特点,并在此基础上,进一步揭示两类儿童的元记忆水平与其记忆成绩之间的关系.研究结果发现学习困难儿童的元记忆水平明显低于非学习困难儿童,而且两类儿童的元记忆水平与其回忆量均有较高的相关.     

STIMULUS OVERSELECTIVITY IN LEARNING DISABLED CHILDREN

Stimulus overselectivity, a phenomenon exhibited by autistic and institutionalized retarded individuals, was examined in mildly handicapped and nonhandicapped public school children. Subjects were 16 young, educable mentally retarded, 16 learning disabled, 15 nonhandicapped first- and second-graders, and 16 older, educable retarded students. The children were trained on a 3-component visual discrimination task and then tested on individual elements to determine which element or elements were controlling subject responses. Nine of the young educable mentally retarded children and eight of the learning disabled students showed some overselectivity. The majority of overselective retarded children were controlled by only one of the three components of the training cue, whereas the majority of the overselective learning disabled children responded to the discrimination task on the basis of two of the three components. No overselectivity was exhibited by the nonhandicapped students. All three cue components were also functional in controlling the responding of 14 of the 16 older retarded students, but two children were under the control of only one cue. The research indicated that in terms of overselectivity, learning disabled children respond more like young, mildly retarded children than they do like nonhandicapped ones. The demonstration of stimulus overselectivity in a sizable portion of a learning disabled sample may have implications for a more empirically based approach to this handicapped population.     

智力落后儿童人格特性的研究

智力落后儿童由于大脑功能发育障碍,在个性的成熟和发展方面受到一定限制,表现出与正常儿童不同的个性特征。在不同智残程度的儿童中也存在着个性差异。智力与个性发展有密切关系,脑功能受损越严重,对个性发展的影响也就越明显。     

儿童青少年大脑认知功能事件相关电位P_（300）的年龄特征

从发展心理学的角度．对幼儿到大学六个年龄组的儿童青少年进行了事件相关电位Ｐ_（３００）测定．结果发现：反映大脑认知功能的事件相关电位Ｐ_（３００）各成分随着年龄增长而发展的趋势十分明显,从而进一步说明了认知发展的特点与大脑高级神经系统活动功能发展特点的密切关系。     

幼儿记忆回涨实验研究

以哈尔滨师范大学幼儿园全体幼儿为对象（未经筛选）,采用录音机播放识记材料的方法,对幼儿记忆回涨现象进行了研究。结果发现：幼儿确实存在着不同于艾宾洁斯遗忘曲线的记忆回涨现象,而且年龄不同记忆回涨高峰时间亦不相同;复习与回涨高峰的关系实验结果发现,幼儿记忆回涨高峰期间复习效果最好。     

THE EFFECTS OF SEVERE BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN ON THE TEACHING BEHAVIOR OF ADULTS

Applied behavior analysts have focused on how adults can influence the problem behavior of children using a variety of behavior modification strategies. A related question, virtually unexplored, is how the behavior problems of children influence adults. This child-effects concept was explored empirically in a study involving 12 adults who were asked to teach four pairs of children in which one member of the pair exhibited problem behavior and the other typically did not. Results demonstrated that problem children displayed tantrums, aggression, and self-injury contingent on adult instructional attempts but not at other times, whereas nonproblem children showed little or no problem behavior at any time. Importantly, from a child-effects perspective, adults engaged in teaching activities with nonproblem children more often than with problem children. Also, when an adult worked with a problem child, the breadth of instruction was more limited and typically involved those tasks associated with lower rates of behavior problems. The implications of these results are discussed with respect to theories of escape behavior, current assessment practices, and intervention issues related to maintenance. The existence of child effects suggests that problem behavior may be better understood when it is conceptualized as involving a process of reciprocal influence between adult and child.     

3～5岁儿童信念状态推理中的偏差

以判断正误的得分和原因解释的得分作为测量指标,以90名儿童为被试,采用信念状态推理任务来考察3～5岁儿童对信念状态推理的偏差状况.结果表明在信念状态推理任务中,儿童对他人信念的推理都受到自身信念状态的影响,表现出自我中心倾向,当儿童与他人信念状态相同时推理成绩更高.此结果在一定程度上说明了儿童心理理论的发展支持表征不可通达假设.     

THE EFFECTS OF CONSUMER CHARACTERISTICS AND TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT MODEL ON INDIVIDUAL OUTCOMES IN SUPPORTED EMPLOYMENT

Although recent federal legislation has led to a proliferation of supported employment programs throughout the country, little information is available that documents the success of these programs. In the present study, we examined the effect of different consumer characteristics and alternative supported employment service delivery models on key employment outcomes including hourly wage, hours worked per week, increase in earnings after supported employment participation, and level of integration on the job. The employment outcomes of a sample of 1,550 individuals receiving supported employment services through 96 local programs in eight states were analyzed to determine the effects of the key independent variables of primary disability and type of employment model. Results indicate that all groups of individuals, regardless of their primary disability, benefited significantly from supported employment participation. Further, data indicate that the individual placement model generated employment outcomes superior to those resulting from group employment options, particularly work crews. Implications of the results for future program development activities are discussed.     

广东省汕头市学习困难儿童生理、心理、社会状况调查研究

目的了解城区学习困难儿童有关生理、心理、社会状况的特点,探讨预防和治疗学习困难儿童的方法,促进其身心的的健康发展。方法在汕头市三所普通小学四、五年级中抽取学习困难儿童和非学习困难儿童各93名,用自制调查表分别让他们进行自测调查比较。结果学习困难儿童和非学习困难儿童在男女比例和生理因素方面无明显差异。结论心理因素和社会因素可能是造戍智力正常的儿童学习困难的主要原因．     

注音方式与教学形式在儿童课堂汉字学习中的作用

通过真实课堂中的教学实验法,以107名一年级小学生为研究对象,探讨了注音方式和教学形式在儿童课堂汉字学习中的作用。结果发现：（1）在课堂教学条件下,重点教学和伴随学习生字的学习效果都不受阅读材料注音方式的影响;（2）与伴随学习相比,重点教学能更好地促进学生的汉字学习,减少中等生和优等生之间的差距;（3）全体学生都能进行有效的伴随学习,学生原有的语文能力越高,伴随学习的可能性越大。