The Soul of Supervision: Counselor Spirituality

Because spirituality training for counselors and supervisors is vital to counselor development, the authors examined the relationships between purpose in life, the integration of spirituality into supervision, and the supervisory working alliance among a sample of supervisors and trainees. Supervisors reported a greater sense of purpose and spiritual discussion during supervision than trainees. Trainees' personal sense of purpose was positively related to spiritual discussions with a supervisor and to an emphasis on client issues in supervision.     

The Counselor in the Elementary School

This paper emphasizes the need to avoid the splintering of counselors into discrete kinds, separated by the settings in which they function. It also emphasizes the importance of the counseling function in the elementary school, a function now accepted as the major activity of counselors in other settings. A number of current issues on the functioning of counselors in elementary schools are considered, with suggestions for their resolution.     

The School Counselor As Consultant: A Historical Review

This article contains a historical review of the school counselor in the role of consultant. Published articles that have appeared in four APGA journals during the past 21 years provided the basis for the review. General trends in each journal and a developmental history of the consultation movement are presented. The conclusion was that a serious gap exists between the theory and practice of consultation in schools. Specific needs must be addressed for the school counselor as consultant model to be fully realized.     

The Counselor as Consultant in the Collaborative School

A collaborative work environment has been consistently cited as a characteristic of schools that effectively respond to the diverse needs of students. Because of their role and related skills, counselors seem uniquely positioned to have a significant impact on the development or enhancement of team structures and staff relationships within a collaborative school. Educational collaboration and its relationship to school consultation as a structured planning, decision-making, and problem-solving process is described. Characteristics of a collaborative school and its organizational structures are identified. Roles and related skills the counselor can use in providing leadership in developing and implementing collaborative teams in the school are articulated.     

Educational Counseling: Concern of the School Counselor

Educational counseling has been a neglected area of concern for the school counselor, even though by virtue of his work setting it should be primary among his responsibilities. Five aspects of the need for a renewed emphasis on this area of the counselor's role are discussed: change in the nature of work, increased professional knowledge, greater demand for persons with high levels of education, the relation of education and psychological freedom, and the need for clearly spelled out objectives in school guidance. It is concluded that while additional theory and research findings are necessary to carry out adequately this aspect of school counseling purpose, it is important at this time that we concern ourselves with this problem.     

The Counselor and the School as a Social Organization

Role relations in the public school are viewed within the perspective of organization theory; the public school is like the prison and the public mental hospital in that neither client nor organization exercises choice concerning client participation in the organization. Based on previous studies of prisons and mental hospitals and on clues provided in a case study of a junior high school, it was predicted that counselors and principals would be less “custodial” in pupil control ideology than teachers. An instrument that measured pupil control ideology along a custodial-humanistic continuum was administered to 945 teachers, 181 principals, and 180 counselors. Results confirmed the predictions. Counselor adaptations to ideological conflict concerning pupil control in both the secondary and the elementary school are discussed. It was speculated that adaptations would function to reduce overt conflict and contribute to organizational equilibrium.     

School Counselor Problems: Colorado and Massachusetts

600 randomly selected school counselors in Colorado and Massachusetts were asked to specify questions they would like research to “answer” for them. Questions submitted by the counselors were categorized into the three general headings of role, skill, and information. Questions were also categorized into more specific areas to identify needed research. Differences were noted between Colorado and Massachusetts counselors and implications were made for counselor education programs.     

School Counselor Selection: A Systematic Approach

This article presents an objective-based model for the selection of counselors. The model places emphasis on a systematic approach, with staff involvement and clear objectives for the process, and includes suggestions for avoiding ineffective behaviors based on traditional approaches.     

School Climates and Student Behavior: Implications for Counselor Role

The current research on the study of school climates is described, and implications of this research for counselor role are indicated. This research has examined the nature of educational climates and environments, as well as the relationship of various environments to student achievement, attitudes, and behaviors. The research provides information about the nature of school environments as they are affected by staff characteristics and behaviors and student peer group characteristics. This research indicates that schools do have quite different climates which are supportive of diverse types of student and staff behavior. It appears that the adjustment and success of an individual student may well be a function of (a) the type of climate of the school he attends, and (b) the extent to which the school climate is supportive of his individual needs. After an extensive review of nine methodologies for studying school climate, possible applications of these research findings by the counselor are described.     

斯多亚学派伦理学:灵魂的治疗术

斯多亚学派认为人的激情如悲伤、恐惧、欲望、快乐是一种心灵的剧烈运动,是超越理性的冲动,因而是灵魂疾病.真正好(善)的东西是德性,德性是幸福本身,是有用的.人是自然的一部分.人要拥有德性,就必须运用自己的理性,合乎自然而生活.只有顺从自然的必然性,人的灵魂才能因此宁静而健康.