Diderot,Jacques, le Maître,le spectateur et l'amateur — Raconter le tableau,argumenter le goût

Résumé Dans une séquence deJacques le Fataliste, Diderot met aux prises deux approches du tableau: l'une, qui est le fait de Jacques, est fondée sur la médiation narrative et les puissances rhétoriques de l'énonciation langagière; l'autre, ironiquement visée par le Maître, implique les habitus de l'amateur et les savoirs du connaisseur. La peinture se trouve ainsi être l'enjeu de deux stratégies discursives, qui, en dernière analyse, renvoient à des régimes de langage et à des postures du sujet antithétiques: une dépense et une économie. Radicalisant un affrontement qui se faisait jour dans lesSalons, cette scène tardive nous rappelle que pour Diderot la vue ne saurait avoir le dernier mot.     

Le statut de la psychothérapie : entre le normal et le pathologique

The professional status of psychotherapist and the outcome evaluation procedures are two topics of interest that are particularly involved in a present political debate. It is necessary to replace them in the scientific field. But the task remains uneasy due to the ambiguity about the permanent question of the relationship between normality and pathology. Nevertheless, we must keep the concept of psychotherapy in the mental health domain. Some proposals are presented for justifying this position and precising the methodological requirements for a right politic of evaluation.     

Sentiment de responsabilité pour le changement et l'innovation dans le contexte du comportement de santé : le rôle de la charge de travail cognitive,le leadership,l’autonomisation et la personnalité proactive

The innovation is one of the possible answers to the actual global competitive context able to foster and cope the high standards necessary for survival and competition of the organisations. The objective of this study, realized in the health context, is the exploration of the relationships between the innovative work behaviour and three antecedents (proactive personality, job cognitive demands and empowering leadership) trying to maintain the interactionist perspective between individual factors and context factors. These relationships have been investigated with a mediator role of felt responsibility to change, the individual belief that has a person when has feeling of responsibility in a realisation of transformations and new and constructive changes.     

Pourquoi et comment continuer à travailler pendant le confinement ?

The objective of our study is to investigate the sources of motivation as well as the resources that help the worker to maintain his or her activity during periods of lockdown. It rests on a qualitative approach based on semi-directive interviews with a sample of self-employed workers. Several studies in social, labour and organisational psychology are of interest in studying intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors as well as the importance of certain resources, personal, social or professional, in maintaining the worker's activity. Our results show that the most motivated workers are those who combine several intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors. Moreover, it is personal resources, such as adaptability, that mainly help the worker to maintain his or her activity.     

Argumentation et droit constitutionnel: le juge constitutionnel et la dépénalisation de l'avortement

Argumentation et droit constitutionnel: le juge constitutionnel et la dépénalisation de l'avortement     

L’entraînement de la mémoire de travail par le programme Cogmed et le TDAH

IntroductionAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder. Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are key symptoms of ADHD. It is typically associated with working memory deficits at the cognitive level. For this reason, interventions have been designed to train working memory in ADHD. Currently, Cogmed Working Memory Training program is the most commonly used and studied program in clinical practice and research. This program is proposed as an intervention for ADHD that targets working memory deficits with specific exercises through intensive training sessions.ObjectivesThe goal of this literature review is to examine the effects of the Cogmed program in children and adolescents with ADHD on working memory, inhibition, non-verbal reasoning, attention functioning, ADHD symptoms and academic achievement. All existing studies on the subject that included a control group (n = 8) are reviewed.ResultsIt is clear from most studies that Cogmed training program increases and verbal and visuospatial working memory (or the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad in Baddeley's model (1986, 2007), among ADHD participants. However, transfer of learning is not demonstrated on other components of working memory that are not directly targeted by the program such as the central executive described in Baddeley's model or the secondary memory defined by Unsworth & Engle (2007). With regards to far transfer measures, results are controversial for inhibition, non-verbal reasoning, ADHD symptoms reported by parents, and reading abilities. No improvement is demonstrated for attentional capacities, ADHD symptoms reported by teachers and mathematic reasoning.ConclusionCogmed training improves verbal and visuospatial working memory, two cognitive functions that play an important role in ADHD. However, Cogmed's exercises need to be modified in order to train more complex working memory components such as the central executive (Baddeley, 1986, 2007) and the secondary memory (Unsworth & Engle, 2007), which are more impaired in ADHD than the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad. Another approach would be to design programs that can tackle a larger range of cognitive functions that are impaired in ADHD (e.g., inhibition). In future, studies evaluating such modified programs, direct observation instruments that are more sensitive to short-term changes need to be included. Follow-up measures should also be systematically included.     

Travail et épuisement professionnel : le rôle modérateur des traits de la personnalité

This study aims to assess the moderating role of personality traits on the relationship between work conditions and burnout. The stress theories (Lazarus et Folkman, 1984; Marchand, 2004; Pearlin, 1999) argues that the effects of stressors are moderated by the individual perception of stressors, some personality traits may thus moderate the relationship between work stressors and burnout. The main results confirm self-esteem and locus of control moderates the relationship between work conditions and burnout. The results of this study may be useful in some human resource management activities, particularly career management, promotions management and personnel selection.     

Le climat d’entropie et le stress dans les organismes de sant

In recent years, many research and reporting of findings highlight the deteriorating work conditions in our hospitals, describing a climate of disorder in the arrangement of this system components (Masclet 2010). The study presented here examines the relationship between the entropy climate and stress of health personnel. The study was conducted in two hospitals in the Picardie region using a self-administered questionnaire answered by 161 workers in six trades. A transactional perspective has been used to clarify the role of organizational stressors through the mediation of psychological stress. The results confirm the mediating effect of psychological stress among the organizational social climate and perceived stress.     

La demande prélinguistique et linguistique: qu'apporte le langage?

This study deals with the adjustment of requests to the communication situation at two stages of development: the end of the prelinguistic period (18 months) and the beginning of the linguistic period (30 months). The main objective is to point out how language acquisition introduces new modalities of adjustment. The production of two groups of 12 children (18 and 30 months) were compared in three situations of object requesting: (a) the adult complies with the request (satisfaction), (b) the adult asks a clarification question (clarification), (c) the adult refuses to comply with the request (refusal). The similarities observed suggest a continuity between the two ages with respect to the functional aspects of requests. As for the structural aspects, the results reveal a partial continuity between the prelinguistic children (18 months) and the linguistic children (30 months): at the age of 18 months, children use vocalizations as they use words at 30 months and gestures are used similarly at both ages. The differences observed between both age groups suggest that, at the age of 30 months, language is used in order to find a solution to the request situation, yet without any major changes in the communicative strategies. The results of this study relativize the revolution brought about by language in the child's behaviours and specify its contribution to the adjustment of messages as a function of the communication situation.     

Psychologie positive et modèle de l’adaptation hédonique

Empirical and anecdotal evidence for hedonic adaptation suggests that the joys of loves and triumphs and the sorrows of losses and humiliations fade with time. Notably, adaptation to positive experiences in particular has been identified as one of the primary obstacles to maintaining well-being. In this article, we first review evidence of hedonic adaptation to both negative and positive life changes and then discuss how these adaptation processes can serve as obstacles to sustained happiness. Finally, we propose the Hedonic Adaptation to Positive and Negative Experiences (HAPNE) model, which describes the processes and mechanisms underlying hedonic adaptation, and propose several ways through which people can slow down adaptation in response to positive experiences or speed it up in response to negative experiences.     

Engagement envers le supérieur et recherche de feedback négatif : le rôle des variables de statut du supérieur

The relationship between employees’ affective commitment to the supervisor and negative feedback seeking is barely explored in the literature. Moreover, the role of the characteristics related to the context where this relationship develops is unknown. In the present article, we examine the relationship between affective commitment to the supervisor and negative feedback seeking using data collected from 250 employees affiliated with organizations operating in the service industry. Three moderating variables were measured: supervisor-organization value incongruence, supervisors’ networking ability, and supervisors’ perceived organizational status. Data analysis through moderated multiple regression indicates that commitment to the supervisor is positively related to negative feedback seeking, and that this relationship is enhanced when the supervisor is perceived to have a low value incongruence with the organization or a weak networking ability. In contrast, supervisors’ perceived organizational status did not exert a moderating role. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on feedback seeking behavior in the workplace.     

Ajustement rôle parental et rôle professionnel,un synchroniseur externe des rythmes attentionnels de l’enfant

The aim of this study was to investigate in families of two working parents the effects of parents’ work organisation and work-related stress on the level and rhythmicity of their children's attention in school. Four hundred and sixty children between five and 10 years of age, divided into three age groups, completed crossing-out tests. Each parent completed a coded and anonymous questionnaire. The results, analysed using a repeated measures ANOVA (α = 0.05), suggest that the mother's and father's work organisation and work-related stress impact on the child's attention differently according to age. Irregular professional activities, difficult to foresee and out of step with social life, as well as mental strain and accumulated stress could affect the regulatory function of the family on the child's receptiveness to learn at school.     

L’habilitation des salariés : le rôle du supérieur et des collègues

Organizational initiatives to empower employees have limited success if they are supported only by top managers. The goal of this study is to examine how two actors in the workers’ proximal social environment, the supervisor and colleagues, contribute to employee empowerment. A questionnaire study was conducted with a sample of 418 workers relying both on psychological and behavioral self-report measures of employee empowerment. Multiple regressions revealed that contributions from the supervisor and colleagues are distinct, additive and interact in a synergic way to increase employee empowerment. These results suggest that it is important to foster favorable conditions in the workers’ proximal social environment to instill employee empowerment.     

Quand le genre s’en mêle : quelle conciliation entre vie professionnelle et vie privée ?

Declarations of conciliation between private life and professional life based on three factors (sex, gender and positions) are studied in this paper. Our goals were (i) to show that conciliation between the different life spheres need to be considered both in terms of conflict and of life enrichment; (ii) and to demonstrate that the gender variable has combined effects with sex variables, as well as with positions variables, over the perception of work in relation to family interferences in terms of nature (conflict/enrichment), intensity and direction (family over work versus work over family). The study, conducted with 240 employees of low or high professional positions, based on SWING and BSRI scales, shows the moderating effect of gender on the perceptions of conciliation, whether enriching or conflicting. Our results also allow us to conclude that congruent adjustment (masculine domination) of the levels of our three factors constitute a protecting factor for employees, while an incongruent adjustment can constitute a risk factor, this being especially verified for women.     

Liens entre le déclin sensoriel et cognitif dans le vieillissement normal : revue critique de la littérature et apports de l’approche incarnée et située de la cognition

Biological aging impacts many organs including sensory's ones and the brain, and thus, cognition. Research has shown that the sensory and cognitive decline are positively correlated. The main data from this literature are firstly reviewed in the present article. Then, the four main hypotheses that are generally proposed to explain these associations are presented. According to them, sensory decline is supposed to cause cognitive decline, or vice-versa, or these concomitant changes result from the general alteration of the nervous system. However, none of them seems able to account for all of the existing data. Moreover, the precise mechanisms that may drive these associations remain to be clarified. The rest of the article is then dedicated to the embodied and situated cognition approach as it provides a particularly interesting and adequate framework to account for these links. Indeed, according to this approach, cognitive representations are grounded in their sensorimotor properties. In other words, cognitive functioning is not conceived as detached from sensory functioning, but instead directly dependent of it. Representations are thus thought to emerge from the sensorimotor simulation of the properties involved in these representations. Therefore, sensory decline should directly impact cognitive performance. It is then hypothesized that older adults have low-resolution representations decreasing the signal on noise ratio of traces, increasing sensorimotor interferences and thus decreasing cognitive performance. This approach leads to consider low and high levels of sensory and perceptual functioning, which are both impaired in aging. Therefore, the repercussion of the sensory-perceptual decline is not only valid for present processing, but also extend to all past knowledge. Several predictions are then proposed on (1) the link between high-level perceptual functioning and cognitive functioning in older adults; (2) the possible interaction in young adults between sensory and high-level perceptual functioning as a function of the level of interference of the material involved; (3) the possible link between the motor and cognitive functioning in older adults. The clinical consequences in terms of cognitive stimulation of such a perspective will close the article. It is proposed to develop a stimulation program based on pattern separation mechanism to better process sensory interference in order to train older adults to improve cognitive precision and thus performance.