Pour une approche qualitative de l’évaluation du fonctionnement cognitif

The purpose of this article is to highlight the interest and the necessary conditions to carry out a qualitative assessment of cognitive activity. This one distinguishes itself from a quantitative assessment in which individual differences do not concern the products of cognitive activity, but the activity itself. This level of analysis is particularly useful from a diagnostic point of view. We present and illustrate a methodological and conceptual approach as well as the conditions for its implementation, which will enable us to identify the underlying processes and the participants resort to come up with an answer. The approach supported here participates in the development of cognitive psychology centred on individual cases that is essential to explain the observed differences and to propose adapted and appropriate individualized remediations.     

Les métamorphoses du système de santé

The normative framework intervened in recent years to renovate and establish a coherent framework to the hospital system questions the bipartite division between private medicine and public medicine. The state supervision, consolidated by the Law of 26 January 2016 on the modernization of the health system, blurs the boundaries and involves renewing the qualification of our health system.     

La psychotechnique des aptitudes. Pour différencier une sociotechnique de l’évaluation sans mesurage et une psychologie balbutiante de la compréhension de la performance

A widespread view consists in considering that validated psychotechnical tests enable one to measure intellectual abilities with the help of the scoring of observed performances. This paper (i) elaborates a falsifiable conception of ordinal measurement, (ii) shows that it is likely that the observed performances falsify it, and (iii) analyzes how psychometric modeling fulfils the comparative imperative that underpins the assessment of abilities. But the evaluative efficacy builds up to the detriment of scientific knowledge of the performance's determinants. The practice of psychological assessment is then thought of as a sociotechnics of assessment without measurement.     

Pour une approche contextuelle et clinique de la demande de recrutement : la transformation d’une demande initiale dans une entreprise familiale

Studies of psychology in the work place usually analyse job offers from an explicit and functional point of view, forgetting the more implicit and strategic dimensions associated with them. This activity of recruitment takes into account the understanding of the specific context of the job offer and of the structure of the organisation which is looking to recruit. The clinical case study described here takes into consideration these contextual elements of very small company and proposes recruitment methods which include a third party, emphasising the particular role of psychologists or consultancies as recruitment advisers.     

L’appariement personne-organisation au service de la sélection du personnel

In order to address the market and workforce pressures and obligations, many organizations are now turning to person-organization fit (P-O fit) based on value congruence for their recruitment and selection activities. However, the various ways to ensure P-O fit are not very well known. This article presents concrete practices to measure and take into account P-O fit in selection, one of which is testing.     

Psychanalyse et existentialisme: A propos de la théorie lacanienne de la subjectivité

Sans résumé     

Pour une poétique des jeux de langage

Malgré le refus que Wittgenstein semble avoir toujours opposé à l'idée d'une esthétique philosophique, son oeuvre et les nombreuses suggestions que contiennent ses divers propos se révélent riches d'enseignements, en particulier pour ce qui concerne les voies dans lesquelles certaines formes de discours sur l'art se sot engagées. La notion wittgensteinienne dejeu de langage est, sous ce rapport, éclairante. Elle permet de mettre au jour, ou du moins d'entrevoir, deux catégories de faits. Tout d'abord, elle offre une perspective critique intéressante sur le programme de ce que l'on s'est plu à nommer une poétique, dans le prolongement d'Aristote, de Jakobson et de Valéry. La poétique structuraliste, en particulier, se révéle solidaire d'une philosophie que ses ambitions théoriques ne suffisent pas à occulter. En second lieu, la notion de jeu de langage, chez Wittgenstein lui-même, est associée à une pratique d'écriture originale qui obscurcit les frontiéres que la philosophie, depuis Platon, s'est toujours souciée de tracer. Pour une poétique des jeux de langage, il existe, entre la poétique et la philosophie une double symétrie. La premiére — celle des structuralistes ou des néo-structuralistes —obéit à un programme plus philosophique qu'on ne croit; la second, en revanche, comme on le voit avec Wittgenstein, intégr une démarche poétique qui nous invite à penser à nouveaux frais ce que nous faisons.     

L’évaluation de la perte de chance en responsabilité médicale,une mission à repréciser pour l’Expert

Loss of opportunity, which today is considered as a prejudice in its own right, both for the French Supreme Court and the Council of State, remains undeniably difficult to assess in practice. For many years, the issue of compensation for breach of duty of disclosure gave the various courts the ability to roadtest this concept. However, although the criteria defining this concept, of judicial origin, have been established, the modus operandi allowing the judge to quantify it does not exist. How can this portion of personal injury be determined in relation to the size of the opportunity lost? This is primarily a technical issue, similar to that of assessing a disability rate. However, this request does not feature in typical common law missions for judicial or administrative medical expertise. The judge alone is left to assess this probability, whereas the expert would be in a position, as far as possible, to provide scientific and statistical assistance enabling a better definition of loss of opportunity.     

L’adaptation transculturelle d’une échelle de mesure Cas de l’échelle des ancres de carrière

The objective of this research is to achieve a transcultural adaptation of a measure scale of professional values, particularly Schein’s (1985) career anchors from a north American context where it has been conceived to an arab-islamic culture, Tunisian’s environment. For this, this research follows a rigorous methodological process, that enable it to establish a new measure scale, offering good psychometric qualities and building up professional values adapted to Tunisian employees.     

Révéler son humanité ? L’autorévélation du thérapeute à la lumière de la recherche empirique

Self-disclosure, which consists in revealing personal information about oneself to one's client, could be a beneficial therapeutic technique. There are yet many definitions of this concept. However, empirical research shows that self-disclosure may be favourably perceived by clients and that it could influence how they perceive their therapist. Moreover, it could positively influence treatment outcome. Self-disclosure about immediate feelings in the therapy and about the therapist–client relationship would be particularly effective in resolving problematic events by enabling feelings to be expressed and accepted and by providing clients with interpersonnal learning. Several authors finally advise using this technique infrequently, about moderately intimate but relevant themes in relation to the therapy, examining each client's specific needs, and always with the intention of helping them or improving the therapeutic relationship.     

Vers un changement de pratique dans une filière céréalière : apport de la modélisation de l’environnement

Project management, especially in the field of sustainable development, requires to take into account not only the working environment stricto sensu, but also supra components of environmental, social, economic, legislative, etc. Ergonomists and psychologists are then led to be interested in, and to develop modeling frameworks to better understand and to make more intelligible this complex environment. The study presented here, which requires taking into account this environment, aims at setting up a novel practice for improving the food safety of a cereal chain in a global context of sustainable development: protection of the environment (flora and fauna) and the health of farmers and consumers. As part of this study, a quick fungal contamination diagnostic tool and a corresponding decontamination process have been developed for an application in the barley-malt-beer food chain. However, the use of these processes may change the agricultural practices in antifungal treatments with the regular and high dose treatments replaced by fine targeted applications only where and when necessary. In relation with this technological development, the challenge is to identify the components of the environment that may become brakes and levers to the implementation of this new practice. In this scope, this investigation mobilizes the modeling of the environment of Thatcher and Yeow (2016). This paper is consequently aimed at presenting the underlying process to this construction, and this in relation with the characteristics of the study. At last, a discussion is initiated concerning the further use of such modelling practices for purposes other than the decision-making processes on ergonomic intervention purposes.     

L’évaluation psychologique en situation transculturelle : une révision de la littérature

Human migration provokes transcultural clinical encounters that may challenge the way clinicians see themselves and how they proceed in their usual practices. In the field of psychology, psychological assessment is an important tool to better understand the patients’ needs and to design psychological interventions. Considering that most diagnostic tests and manuals have been developed in the Western context, the application of these tools with other populations remains controversial. The present literature review aims to describe the state of current knowledge on psychological transcultural assessment. Specifically, we will address: (1) the use of psychological tests in transcultural contexts, (2) the development of the Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI, DSM-5) and (3) the clinical interview: language, therapeutic relationship and participation of interpreters. In the first section, we discuss the international norms for scales and tests translation and adaptation, as well as the cultural issues that may bias the test’ application and interpretation. In the second section, we describe the creation of the CFI, and its use in recent studies. The CFI is composed by four clusters: (1) cultural definition of a problem, (2) cultural perceptions of cause, context, and support, (3) cultural factors affecting self-coping and past help seeking, and (4) cultural factors affecting current help seeking. The revised studies indicated that the CFI has a positive impact on the cultural sensibilization of mental health professionals, also improving the relationship between the patients and professionals. The cultural formulation may also prevent misdiagnosis. Beyond the use of tests and structured interviews, the clinician also faces other challenges during a transcultural assessment. We discuss in the third section the transferential and countertransferential relationship in a transcultural situation. Several elements may influence this relationship, at an individual, institutional and societal level. The evaluation of these elements may allow the clinician to better understand results of the psychological assessment. We also describe the current guidelines for the use of interpreters during health consultations in France. In conclusion, several advances have been made in the field of transcultural psychological assessment, among other things the development of guides for good translation and cultural adaptation of tools, as well as the integration of cultural issues into the DSM. However, research and changes in clinical practice are still needed, as the evaluation of cultural biases in cognitive tests and the expansion of cultural competences training among clinicians.     

Effets de l’expression d’embarras et de la personnalité du candidat sur l’évaluation,la réaction comportementale et la décision d’embauche du recruteur

Job interview is a standardized situation that carries high stakes and involves impression management tactics. When an incident occurs in such a situation it could create embarrassment. Usually the expression of this self-conscious emotion positively affects others’ judgment. The aim of this study is to know whether this positive effect could also be observed in a job interview and whether it may vary depending on how embarrassment is expressed and with the personality of the job applicant. Contrary to what it is observed in an ordinary context, the absence of expression is favored by the recruiters; the expression of embarrassment is rather negatively perceived, especially when it is not controlled. The issue of emotional expressivity during interview will be discussed.     

Les stratégies de coping : une revue de la littérature dans les domaines du sport et de l’éducation

IntroductionCoping is a central concept in sport and educational settings, given the stress caused by the involvement of skills, the uncertainty of the result, the failure and/or the obstacles during learning efforts. Understanding why and how individuals adopt or do not adaptive behaviors in these contexts is a major issue not only in terms of health and well-being but also in terms of performance optimization.Literature findingsThis literature review is based specifically on the studies in the fields of sport and education psychology.DiscussionThe specific features and common points of these contexts, the specific coping strategies, their antecedents and their outcomes as well as the methodological limitations and existing designs are highlighted.ConclusionPromising research perspectives are discussed to study coping in sport and academic contexts.