青少年地震应激反应模型

以亲历“5．12”地震的四川青川、绵竹327名青少年为被试,考察了青少年在地震情境下的应激反应,探讨了应激源与认知评价、应对方式、应激反应的关系,检验了认知评价、应对方式在应激源与应激反应间的中介作用。结果表明：青少年在地震后出现一些显著的生理反应（胸闷、食欲不佳、头晕）、心理反应（悲伤、易惹、恐惧、注意力减退）以及社会功能的退缩,且存在显著的性别差异;变量各维度间的相关分析表明,除混合型应对方式与应激源的物质丧失之间相关不显著外,其它变量各维度间均存在不同程度的相关;中介效应分析表明,认知评价、应对方式在应激源与应激反应间存在中介作用,且认知评价的中介效应大于应对方式的中介效应,而认知评价又可以通过应对方式影响应激反应。     

Effects of Organizational Level and Gender on Stress in the Workplace

Occupational stress adversely affects productivity, absenteeism, and job turnover, and contributes to health-related problems. The effects of organizational level and gender on the specific sources of occupational stress assessed by the Job Stress Survey (JSS) were evaluated for a heterogeneous sample of 1,791 working adults (860 males, 931 females) employed in 2 industrial companies and a large state university. Significant main or interactive effects of organizational level and/or gender were found for the JSS Item Index, Severity and/or Frequency scores of 29 of the 30 JSS items. Organizational level effects were both more numerous and larger in magnitude than gender effects. Employees at higher organizational levels reported that they experienced stress more often while making critical decisions and dealing with crisis situations than did workers at lower levels, for whom inadequate salary and lack of opportunity for advancement were more stressful. For males, work stress was more strongly related to concerns about their role in the power structure of an organization, whereas female employees reported experiencing more severe stress when there was a conflict between job requirements and family relationships.     

Negative cognitive emotion regulation as a predictor of adolescent heart rate variability and entropy under social stress

ABSTRACT

Background and Objectives: Negative cognitive emotion regulation (ER) strategies are particularly important within the framework of anxiety problems amongst youths and how they cope with stressful events. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between both negative and positive ER style and cardiac regulation under stressful conditions.

Design: Eighty-nine adolescents (M?=?13.31 years, SD?=?0.68, 44.94% girls) were exposed to a socially relevant stress induction protocol.

Methods: Participants’ emotion regulation strategies were assessed and their cardiac function was recorded.

Results: A negative ER style predicted heart rate (HR) entropy at the stressful stage after controlling for anxiety scores. In addition, heart rate variability reactivity and recovery and HR entropy recovery were larger (p?<?.05) in the low negative ER style group (n?=?16) than in the high negative ER style group (n?=?23).

Conclusions: Results suggest that individuals with a highly negative ER style have diminished autonomic flexibility.     

压力使人短视?来自跨期决策的证据

跨期决策是指个体对不同时间点上的收益或损失进行的权衡和选择。本研究探讨了日常慢性压力知觉和实验室急性压力操作对跨期决策的影响。研究一通过问卷调查发现高压力感与跨期决策中的短期偏好有关;研究二采用社会压力测试范式(TSST)在实验室进行压力操作,同样发现压力组被试比控制组更偏好"小而近"的选项。研究认为,压力使人在跨期决策中倾向于短视选择,可能与双系统激活模式和自我控制资源损耗有关。     

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Severity and Emotion Regulation in Acute-Care Psychiatric Inpatients: Associations With Suicidality

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology has been positively associated with suicidality (suicidal ideation and attempts), but less is known about factors that might exacerbate that association. The present study examined the main and interactive effects of PTSD symptom severity and difficulties in emotion regulation in association with four suicidality outcomes. Participants included 128 adults in an acute-care psychiatric inpatient setting. Results revealed that PTSD symptom severity was significantly incrementally associated with self-reported suicidal ideation (ß = .30, p = .02). Difficulties in emotion regulation were significantly associated with suicide as the reason for current admission (p = .01). The interactive effect of PTSD symptom severity and difficulties in emotion regulation was significant only for self-reported suicidal ideation (ß = .24, p < .001). Participants with high levels of PTSD symptom severity and difficulties in emotion regulation exhibited the highest level of suicidal ideation. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.     

负性情绪在工作压力作用中机制的研究

研究运用职业压力调查问卷(Occupational Stressor Indexes-2,OSI-2)中国修订版和半结构化访谈对某国有投资银行、大型核电站等的297名员工进行研究,得到如下结果:以“工作满意度”为压力反应变量,分析结果表明:在不同的压力源情境下,NA的作用机制有所不同,对于人际关系方面的问题,NA起着“过度反应机制”作用;对于角色模糊和工作家庭平衡所带来的压力,NA起着“知觉机制”的作用;对于工作中的角色冲突,NA起着“压力源机制”;而对于职业发展方面的压力,NA对于它与工作满意度之间的关联起着一定的抑制作用,需要进一步的研究来证实和解释。     

The Effect of Parental Stress on the Oral Health of Children

Purpose: Examine the hypothesis that parenting stress was associated with poorer oral health in children. Methods: Ninety primary care-givers of children aged 5–12 years seen for routine dental visits completed the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) and demographic measures. The child's oral health was assessed by the number of decayed, filled, and missing teeth, and by the difference between recommended and actual times for return visits. Results: Lower levels of care-giver age, education, and Child Domain scores on the PSI predicted poorer dental health. Older children were significantly more likely to return on time for their next visit. Conclusions: In this economically stressed sample, children whose parents rate them as easy to care for and children of younger and less well-educated parents were more likely to have poorer oral health. Research on a more diverse population would determine if the results from this study can be generalized to other populations.     

Adolescent Sense of Control: A Downward Extension of the Shapiro Control Inventory to Pre- and Early Adolescents

The most commonly used measures of perceived control for young adolescents are dated, psychometrically flawed, or focused on particular domains. To address the need for a general purpose measure of control for this age range, the overall sense of control (OSOC) and the domains of control (DOC) subscales of the Shapiro Control Inventory (D. H. Shapiro, 1994), designed for use with adults, were modified. Exploratory factor analyses suggested that the adapted OSOC and DOC scales consisted of internally consistent 1-factor structures, accounting for 32% and 29% of the variance, respectively. In Study 1, results from 310 preadolescents (9–13 years old) indicated that a higher sense of control was related to lower stress, OSOC, r(308) = ?.52, p < .001; DOC, r(308) = ?.23, p < .001; and depression, OSOC, r(308) = ?.63, p < .001; DOC, r(308) = ?.33, p < .001. In study 2, results from 195 adolescents (11–15 years old) showed that a higher sense of control was associated with lower stress, r(193) = ?.55, p < .001, and depression, r(193) = ?.60, p < .001, concurrently. The results suggest that these 2 revised measures of adolescent perceived control exhibited good content and predictive validities.     

压力与画对儿童错误记忆影响的实验研究

该研究主要探讨了有无压力和画与不画对儿童虚构生活事件记忆的影响。压力用该类研究中常用的医疗模式来进行诱导,结果表明可以使儿童易受暗示性提高,降低“是”反应的标准,增加对虚构生活事件的肯定反应,但可能存在年龄的差异;而画的方式,可能会使儿童混淆所画与所经历事件,儿童通过画使更多的线索被引导出来,导致把虚构的生活事件作为发生过而给予肯定的反应。     

Conflict Buffers and Marital Satisfaction: On the Effects of Different Forms of Social Support

This paper deals with the deterioration in the subjective quality of life of women as a result of marital conflict. Whereas primary and secondary prevention are generally targeted at maintaining or increasing the current level of marital happiness this paper focuses on the possibilities for buffering the negative impact of conflict on women’s quality of life. In particular, this paper is interested in the conflict buffering effects of various forms of social support such as home visiting by professional social workers or informal contacts with peers. In order to assess and compare the effectiveness of these forms of tertiary prevention, data from interviews with young mothers in the city of Zurich (Switzerland) will be reanalyzed. The data confirm the phenomenon of stress buffering from social support and reveal variation with regard to the effectiveness of different stress buffers. Female peer support e.g. seems to be at least as successful as home visiting by professional nurses and social workers.     

Predicting Change in Parenting Stress Across Early Childhood: Child and Maternal Factors

This study examined maternal parenting stress in a sample of 430 boys and girls including those at risk for externalizing behavior problems. Children and their mothers were assessed when the children were ages 2, 4, and 5. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used to examine stability of parenting stress across early childhood and to examine child and maternal factors predicting parenting stress at age 2 and changes in parenting stress across time. Results indicated that single parenthood, maternal psychopathology, child anger proneness, and child emotion dysregulation predicted 2-year parenting stress. Child externalizing behaviors predicted initial status and changes across time in parenting stress. Stability of parenting stress was dependent upon child externalizing problems, as well as interactions between child externalizing problems and gender, and child externalizing problems and emotion regulation. Results are discussed in the context of mechanisms by which parenting stress may influence the development of child externalizing behaviors.     

不同呈现方式的网页广告的眼动研究

选择25名视力正常的大学生,用眼动仪记录他们浏览不同呈现方式、不同位置的网页广告的眼动过程。结果发现：1．对于不同呈现方式的网页广告,从记忆成绩看：彩色组显著优于黑白组,两者与动画组没有显著差异;从眼动指标看：动画组和彩色组的注视次数和注视时的明显高于黑白组。2．网页广告的位置对被试的记忆成绩与眼动模式有一定的影响,表现为上部与中部注视次数增加,注视时间长。记忆成绩也表现为差异显著,中部与上部的记忆效果好。     

不同学习压力觉知水平高中生家庭生态之比较

考察了170名高一学生的学习压力觉知水平,结果显示,经常感到学习压力、偶尔感到学习压力和未感到学习压力学生的比例分别为22．9％、53．6％和23．5％,不同学习压力觉知水平的人数差异极其显著。MANOVA分析发现,不同学习压力觉知水平的高中生在父母教养方式、家庭环境和学生人格等家庭生态群上总体差异显著;通过多重比较,揭示了不同学习压力觉知水平学生的家庭生态具瘁维度差异及其特点。文章从生态系统观点对中学生学习压力觉知差异进行了探讨,提出从生态重构角度对中学生进行学习减压。     

A Study of Happiness and Unhappiness in the Childhood and Adolescence of Girls in Different Cultures

Experiments were reviewed which dealt with the effect of an auditory cue stimulus on sensitivity to a visual detection stimulus, and vice versa. In most cases the heteromodal cue was temporally varied around the time of occurrence of the detection stimulus.

Different results were reported when a prolonged cue was used (which overlapped the detection stimulus when the onsets of both were not simultaneous) than when a brief-duration cue was used: e.g., in the former case, but not in the latter, sensitivity to the detection stimulus was affected by the intensity of a clearly perceptible heteromodal cue. Es tended to explain the effects of prolonged cue in “neurophysiological-interaction” terms and of brief-duration cue in “attentional” terms. Delta t (difference between times of detection-stimulus and cue onset) was most likely to affect sensitivity to the detection stimulus when marker stimuli reliably informed S when to attend for the detection stimulus, but did not exactly define its time of possible occurrence. A consistent delta-t effect was that a light-cued sound stimulus was best detected when the flash preceded it by 0 to 500 msec.     

Structural and Functional Neuroplasticity in Relation to Traumatic Stress

ABSTRACT— The body's stress response is an essential adaptive and protective mechanism to cope with threatening situations. However, chronic or traumatic stress leads to structural and functional alterations in the traumatized brain. We argue for a building-block effect: Exposure to different types of traumatic events increases the probability of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), via incremental enlargement of a fear network. We summarize evidence of brain changes in PTSD, including recent results from research on animal models of stress-related neuroplastic remodeling, with an emphasis on structural and functional changes in the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the medial prefrontal cortex.     

Self-Esteem,Perceived Stress,and Gender During Adolescence: Interactive Links to Different Types of Interpersonal Relationships

The goal of this study was to analyze the relationships between self-esteem, perceived stress, the quality of different types of interpersonal relationships, and gender in adolescents. This study used a sample of 1614 adolescent high school students and robust data analytic techniques to test the proposed relationships. The results partially supported the initial hypothesis in that perceived stress mediated the relationships between self-esteem and four of the types of interpersonal relationships (i.e., same-sex peer relationships, opposite-sex peer relationships, parent–child relationships, and teacher–student relationships) and moderated the relationship between self-esteem and same-sex peer relationships. In addition, a moderated role of gender was also partially supported in that perceived stress mediated the relationships between self-esteem and same-sex peer relationships, opposite-sex peer relationships, and the parent–child relationship for girls, but not boys. On the basis of these findings, it was concluded that perceived stress plays an intervening role in the relationship between self-esteem and different types of interpersonal relationships and that gender seems to be a moderator for some of the patterns of the relationships between these variables. These findings are discussed in light of the possible mechanisms by which the variables could influence each other. Implications for theory and practice as well as some directions for future research were also suggested.     

Imitation of body postures and hand movements in children with specific language impairment

Within the domain-general theory of language impairment, this study examined body posture and hand movement imitation in children with specific language impairment (SLI) and in their age-matched peers. Participants included 40 children with SLI (5 years 3 months to 6 years 10 months of age) and 40 children with typical language development (5 years 3 months to 6 years 7 months of age). Five tests were used to examine imitation and its underlying cognitive and motor skills such as kinesthesia, working memory, and gross motor coordination. It was hypothesized that children with SLI show a weakness in imitation of body postures and that this deficit is not equally influenced by the underlying cognitive and motor skills. There was a group effect in each cognitive and motor task, but only gross motor coordination proved to be a strong predictor of imitation in children with SLI. In contrast, hand movement imitation was strongly predicted by performance in the Kinesthesia task in typically developing children. Thus, the findings show not only that children with SLI performed more poorly on the imitation tasks than their typically developing peers but also that the groups’ performances showed qualitative differences. The results of the current study provide additional support to the view that the weaknesses in children with SLI are not limited to the verbal domain.     

Parent and Child Agreement for Acute Stress Disorder,Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and other Psychopathology in a Prospective Study of Children and Adolescents Exposed to Single-Event Trauma

Examining parent-child agreement for Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents is essential for informing the assessment of trauma-exposed children, yet no studies have examined this relationship using appropriate statistical techniques. Parent-child agreement for these disorders was examined by structured interview in a prospective study of assault and motor vehicle accident (MVA) child survivors, assessed at 2–4 weeks and 6 months post-trauma. Children were significantly more likely to meet criteria for ASD, as well as other ASD and PTSD symptom clusters, based on their own report than on their parent’s report. Parent-child agreement for ASD was poor (Cohen’s κ = −.04), but fair for PTSD (Cohen’s κ = .21). Agreement ranged widely for other emotional disorders (Cohen’s κ = −.07–.64), with generalised anxiety disorder found to have superior parent-child agreement (when assessed by phi coefficients) relative to ASD and PTSD. The findings support the need to directly interview children and adolescents, particularly for the early screening of posttraumatic stress, and suggest that other anxiety disorders may have a clearer presentation post-trauma.     

初中生校园压力来源及压力感特点研究

本研究在自编问卷的基础上,探讨初中生校园压力来源,及压力感的特点。结果表明：初中生的校园压力主要有四个来源,学校要求、自我表现、师生关系及同伴关系;初中生的校园压力感有5种体验类型,低压力型;高压力型;学校要求敏感型：自我表现敏感型;同伴关系敏感型;初中生校园压力感存在显著的年级差异,初二学生对学校要求有特殊敏感性,初一、初二年级自我表现方面的压力感突出,初三年级校园压力感总体水平较低;初中生的校园压力感没有显著的性别差异。