TRAINING IN PSYCHOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES

Psychologists abroad often ask about the system of training psychologists in the United Stales, as If the United States had a formal system laid down by the government or by a centralized educational authority, as is the ease in many other countries. This article was originally drafted to provide information to psychologists abroad about the diversity and variety of training in the U.S., but it is published here in the hope that it will also be informative and interesting to American psychologists as well as to our colleagues in other countries.     

PSYCHOLOGY IN THE AUSTRALIAN CONTEXT*

Psychology formally entered the Australian arena via university departments of Philosophy, commencing last century and taking its initial direction largely from Britain. The previous pattern of development of Australian psychology was more distinctive than is its present state. Although the influences of Germany and the United States have supplemented that of the parent country, it is difficult to discern any locally blended colouration in the discipline or the profession as they now appear. Somewhat distanced from the universities, applied psychology has flourished especially in the public sector beginning with the initial close liaison formed between psychology and education in a developing colonial society. The public impact of research and practice is by no means as apparent as in the United States or Britain. After a burgeoning in the ‘sixties and early ‘seventies, the present state is one of limited growth concurrent with the general recession.     

当代教育中的人文科学

意大利学者和政治家路易吉·贝林圭尔在其近作《再创造,所有人的素质教育学校》中提出了"教育和培训必须属于每一个人"的理念。他在接受《第欧根尼》法文英文版主编斯卡兰蒂诺采访时就人文科学与文化在当代教育中的作用做了深度解读。在他看来,文化与人文科学一直是同义词,文化是通过人文科学来体现的。人文科学作为一种高层次知识固有地缺乏功用性,是由精英独霸的。为了使人文科学成为属于每一个人的人文知识,我们必须想象一种教授人文知识的新方法。这个是通识教育问题,是怎样做人的问题,也是大学教育的生存问题,因为大学教育仍然过于经常地受限于各种不同学科的界限。文化绝不可以依旧为知识精英所专有,因为后者不过是对一个社会的历史发展有所贡献的行动者。文化要成为一种社会和历史力量,就必须注入到所有人群。同时,地方文化和语言必须整合进一种全球化的教育进路,人文学科要打破认同体壁垒,欧洲人必须走出去到欧洲以外的大学学习。     

THE STATE OF PSYCHOLOGY IN CATALONIA*

The major features of comtemporary psychology in Catalonia, a principality of Spain, are described. Training, licensing, and employment are explored within the context of recent regional advancements in the discipline of psychology. These advances are viewed from an historical perspective in which recent progress in psychology in highlighted against a backdrop of political reforms emerging out of the new Spanish democratic constitution and the consignment of educational/professional development and oversight to the autonomous State Government of Catalonia.     

后现代景观下的心理学

本文考察了论述心理学目前正面临的一深刻的变革,即从实证主义方法论以对支配地位的现代化心理学向强调理论和方法之多元性的后现代心理学的转变。     

PSYCHOLOGY AND THE FOUR MODERNIZATIONS IN CHINA

A review of the development of Chinese psychology since early 1900 to the present time is given with particular emphasis for the period after 1949 when Chinese psychology was faced with the task of reestablishment. Progress as well as drawbacks are described. At present, China is in the process of modernizations in industry, agriculture, science and technology, and defense. The Four Modernizations have opened up new prospects for psychological research, particularly social psychology and applied psychology could contribute to China's national aspirations.     

THE ACQUISITION OF PERSON PRONOUNS IN FRENCH-SPEAKING CHILDREN*

The study reports data on the acquisition of person pronouns by 29 French-speaking children, aged between 18 and 30 months. The results show that this acquisition proceeds according to a regular developmental sequence, which parallels that found in research with English-speaking children. However, it appeared that the French-speaking children in this study learned the pronouns about 2-3 months later than had been reported for English-speaking children. The results are interpreted as giving evidence about the selective contribution of general developmental mechanisms and socio-cultural and linguistic factors to young children's learning of person pronouns.     

CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN THE ANALYSIS OF DATA:

Abstract— We asked active psychological researchers to answer a survey regarding the following data-analytic issues: (a) the effect of reliability on Type I and Type II errors, (b) the interpretation of interaction, (c) contrast analysis, and (d) the role of power and effect size in successful replications. Our 551 participants (a 60% response rate) answered 59% of the questions correctly; 46% accuracy would be expected according to participants' response preferences alone. Accuracy was higher for respondents with higher academic ranks and for questions with "no" as the right answer. It is suggested that although experienced researchers are able to answer difficult but basic data-analytic questions at better than chance levels, there is also a high degree of misunderstanding of some fundamental issues of data analysis.     

FIRST PERSON PLURAL: SELF‐UNITY AND SELF‐MULTIPLICITY IN THEOLOGY'S DIALOGUE WITH PSYCHOLOGY

In contradistinction to the contemporary human sciences, recent theological accounts of the individual‐in‐relation continue to defend the concept of the singular continuous self. Consequently, theological anthropology and the human sciences seem to offer widely divergent accounts of the sense of self‐fragmentation that many believe pervades the modern world. There has been little constructive interdisciplinary conversation in this area. In this essay I address the damaging implications of this oversight and establish the necessary conditions for future dialogue. I have three primary objectives. First, I show how the notion of personal continuity acquires philosophical theological significance through its close association with the concept of personal particularity. Second, through a discussion of contemporary accounts of self‐multiplicity, I clarify the extent of theological anthropology's disagreement with the human sciences. Third, I draw upon narrative accounts of identity to suggest an alternative means of understanding the experiential continuity of personhood that maintains the tension between self‐plurality, unity, and particularity and thereby reconnects philosophical theological concerns with human‐scientific analyses of the human condition. Narrative approaches to personhood are ideally suited to this purpose, and, I suggest, offer an intriguing solution to understanding and resolving the problem of self‐fragmentation that has caused recent theological anthropology so much consternation.     

PSYCHOLOGY IN THE CONTEXT OF THIRD WORLD DEVELOPMENT

Unlike other social sciences, psychology has for long remained outside the orbit of social change and national development. Because of the very nature of socio-economic development that is taking place in the Third World countries, psychology has a distinct role. Temporal compression and cacophonic nature of changes have caused conditions of instability that have brought to the fore many socio-psychological problems requiring immediate attention. The role of psychology in this context and the factors underlying the limited impact it has made so far have been discussed. Some robust findings in psychology that have obvious implications for policy formulation and action programme are outlined.