关于午睡研究的概述

适当的午睡可以缓解我们午后的疲劳感,提高午后心境状态、觉醒状态;对于进行了正常夜眠的个体而言,习惯性午睡行为并不是对夜眠不足的补偿;短时午睡对恢复正常体个体身心状态有着积极的效果;然而,越来越多的研究也发现,午睡对记忆也有一定的整合作用。午睡中慢波睡眠对陈述性记忆的整合起着重要作用,此外,二期睡眠纺锤波对陈述性记忆及程序性记忆的整合也起着一定的作用。利用午睡探讨睡眠对记忆的整合作用及机制,可能是未来研究的方向     

An Overview of Primary Prevention

The historical antecedents of primary prevention are found in the methods of public health, counseling, and psychotherapy. Primary prevention is defined as being proactive and is aimed predominantly at high-risk groups not yet affected by the condition to be prevented. Its success is measured in a decline in the incidence of a condition that is compared with controls. Only through prevention can we reduce incidence, and it seems that it is the only feasible way to deal with the unbridgeable gap between the enormous number of individuals at risk for emotional disturbance and the limited availability of treatment resources.     

情绪诱发方法述评

对被试的情绪进行实验诱发已经成为情绪研究的标准方法之一。对情绪材料诱发法(图片诱发法、音乐诱发法、气味诱发法)和情绪性情境诱发法(电脑游戏诱发、博弈游戏诱发和表情/姿势反馈诱发)进行了详细阐述, 并对被试个体差异等情绪诱发的影响因素进行了分析。最后, 在总结和评价现有自豪诱发技术的基础上, 对虚拟竞赛这一经过改良的自豪诱发方法做了简要的介绍。     

Observed-Score Equating: An Overview

In this paper, an overview of the observed-score equating (OSE) process is provided from the perspective of a unifying equating framework (von Davier in von Davier (Ed.), Statistical models for test equating, scaling, and linking, Springer, New York, pp. 1–17, 2011b). The framework includes all OSE approaches. Issues related to the test, common items, and sampling designs and their relationship to measurement and equating are discussed. Challenges to the equating process, model assumptions, and approaches to equating evaluation are also presented. The equating process is illustrated step-by-step with a real data example from a licensure test.     

Overview of the Flynn effect

Following WW2, various researchers found and reported secular gains in IQ, but it was not until additional reports appeared in the 1980s that researchers began to look for the cause or causes. It was quickly apparent that the gains were not limited to any group or nation, but the manifestation of the gains was different depending on time and place. For every discovery, there was a different or opposite result in a different data set. Gains have been large, small, variable, and even negative. Some researchers have found that the gains were on g, while more have found no g loading. Abstract test formats, such as the Raven have often shown the greatest gains, but gains have also appeared in tests of crystallized intelligence. Some data has shown greater gains for the lower half of the intelligence distribution, while others have shown greater gains in the top half, and others have shown equal gains at all levels. Hypotheses for the causes have included environmental factors, genetic effects, reduced fertility, and methodological dependence. Two models are discussed.     

Postpartum Depression: An Overview

Occurring in about 12% of postpartum women, postpartum depression has been the focus of considerable research. Variables that have been correlated with postpartum depression range from biological causes, to lack of social support, to relationship with husband, to attributional styles, to psychodynamic explanations. There is a need for a more circumscribed operational definition of the syndrome and norming of depression measures. It is also important to assess each person individually and to design interventions that focus on particular contributive factors.     

Game Logic - An Overview

Game Logic is a modal logic which extends Propositional Dynamic Logic by generalising its semantics and adding a new operator to the language. The logic can be used to reason about determined 2-player games. We present an overview of meta-theoretic results regarding this logic, also covering the algebraic version of the logic known as Game Algebra.     

Michael Balint: An Overview

Balint's important work extended over a period of 40 years in two directions; firstly the development of individual sexuality, and secondly, the development of object relationships, together with their relationship to psychoanalytical technique. He introduced the concept of primary love and was one of the pioneers in the thinking of the interdependence of mother and infant. He extended Ferenczi's work on therapeutic regression, introducing the concepts, among others, of benign and malignant regression, the basic fault, and the states of ocnophilia and philobatism. His applied psychoanalytic work is world famous, particularly the Balint groups for general practitioners and similar groups for marital therapists, social workers, and psychosexual counselors.