共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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What Do We Know When We Know a Person? 总被引:12,自引:1,他引:11
Dan P. McAdams 《Journal of personality》1995,63(3):365-396
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James E. Wanek 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》1999,7(4):183-195
This selective review of integrity and honesty testing addresses two primary questions: ‘What do we know about honesty testing?’ and ‘How do we use what we know?’ Up-to-date information about test reliability, validity, and construct definition from recent reviews of the research literature in the USA is presented and interpreted. Relationships to other selection devices and personality measures are discussed, as well as how integrity tests fit into a multiple assessment selection system. 相似文献
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Scott D. Moffat 《Neuropsychology review》2009,19(4):478-489
Spatial navigation is a complex cognitive skill that is necessary for everyday functioning in the environment. However, navigational
skills are not typically measured in most test batteries assessing cognitive aging. The present paper reviews what we know
about behavioral differences between older and younger adults in navigational skill and reviews the putative neural mechanisms
that may underlie these behavioral differences. Empirical studies to date clearly identify navigation as an aspect of cognitive
function that is vulnerable to the aging process. The few functional and structural neuroimaging studies that speak to neurological
correlates of these age-related differences point to the hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, posterior cingulate gyrus (retrosplenial
cortex), parietal lobes and pre-frontal cortex as structures critically involved in age effects on navigation. Outstanding
issues in the field are addressed and productive avenues of future research are suggested. Among these outstanding issues
include the necessity of performing longitudinal studies and differentiating between hippocampal and extra-hippocampal contributions
to aging in navigation. The field may also be advanced by empirical assessment of navigational strategies and investigations
into the multisensory nature of navigation including assessing the relative contributions of visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive
function to age differences in navigational skill. 相似文献
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Donald B. Kraybill 《Journal for the scientific study of religion》2019,58(3):743-752
The appraisal by Cory Anderson, Joseph Donnermeyer, Jeffrey Longhofer, and Steven Reschly (hereafter, appraisers) highlights a methodological divide that is important to the study of the Amish and other ethnic or religious minorities. In my reply, I discuss how my work is rooted in a cultural analytic paradigm that differs from the appraisers’ methodological orientation. My reply includes a deconstruction of the appraisal and a discussion of its “shortcomings.” I conclude by showing how the discourse surrounding this appraisal raises important epistemological questions of how we understand human societies. 相似文献
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What Do We Know About Gay and Lesbian Couples? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lawrence A. Kurdek 《Current directions in psychological science》2005,14(5):251-254
Abstract— Research on gay and lesbian couples is highlighted with regard to household labor, conflict, satisfaction, perceived social support, stability, and the variables that predict relationship quality. Relative to partners from married heterosexual couples, partners from gay and lesbian couples tend to assign household labor more fairly, resolve conflict more constructively, experience similar levels of satisfaction, and perceive less support from family members but more support from friends. The limited data available indicate that gay and lesbian couples may be less stable than married heterosexual couples. The factors that predict relationship quality tend to be the same for gay, lesbian, and heterosexual married couples. Overall, research paints a positive picture of gay and lesbian couples and indicates that they tend to be more similar to than different from heterosexual couples. 相似文献
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Application of a neuropsychological perspective to the study of schizophrenia has established a number of important facts
about this disorder. Some of the key findings from the existing literature are that, while neurocognitive impairment is present
in most, if not all, persons with schizophrenia, there is both substantial interpatient heterogeneity and remarkable within-patient
stability of cognitive function over the long-term course of the illness. Such findings have contributed to the firm establishment
of neurobiologic models of schizophrenia, and thereby help to reduce the social stigma that was sometimes associated with
purely psychogenic models popular during parts of the 20th century. Neuropsychological studies in recent decades have established
the primacy of cognitive functions over psychopathologic symptoms as determinants of functional capacity and independence
in everyday functioning. Although the cognitive benefits of both conventional and even second generation antipsychotic medications
appear marginal at best, recognition of the primacy of cognitive deficits as determinants of functional disability in schizophrenia
has catalyzed recent efforts to develop targeted treatments for the cognitive deficits of this disorder. Despite these accomplishments,
however, some issues remain to be resolved. Efforts to firmly establish the specific neurocognitive/neuropathologic systems
responsible for schizophrenia remain elusive, as do efforts to definitively demonstrate the specific cognitive deficits underlying
specific forms of functional impairment. Further progress may be fostered by recent initiatives to integrate neuropsychological
studies with experimental neuroscience, perhaps leading to measures of deficits in cognitive processes more clearly associated
with specific, identifiable brain systems. 相似文献
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The article deals with the problem of the disciplinary identification of thephilosophy of music education. It explores alternative approaches to thephilosophy of music education and its relation to musical pedagogy. On thebasis of this analysis an account of the philosophy of music education as aphilosophical discipline is suggested and its specific function identified. 相似文献
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With a large and growing share of American families now forming outside of marriage, triangular infant–mother–father relationship systems in “fragile families” have begun to attract the interest of family scholars and clinicians. A relatively novel conceptualization has concerned the feasibility of intervening to support the development of a sustained and positive coparenting alliance between mothers and fathers who have not made an enduring relationship commitment to one another. At this point in time, there are very few published outcome studies of programs explicitly conceived to help build coparenting alliances in such families. This article reviews what we currently know from this evolving field of study, and from those related responsible fatherhood and marriage and relationship enhancement (MRE) initiatives that included any explicit targeting, strengthening, and assessment of fragile family coparenting in their designs. We summarize lessons learned thus far from Access and Visitation (AV) programs for non‐residential fathers, from MRE programs for low‐income, unmarried couples, and from newer programs for fragile families directly designed to target and support coparenting per se. We close with recommendations for charting this important new family process terrain. 相似文献
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Most commonly, the biology of menopause is equated with the biomedical model of menopause. The biomedical model emphasizes the central importance of estrogen and has an overriding focus on disease. A broader-biological model is presented, which emphasizes the role of hormones in healthy functioning. Hormones are team players in complex, multidetermined systems that have a purpose. Hormones act in concert with other physiological systems and with sensory and social inputs. Human biology is both similar to and different from that of other animals. The implications of these assumptions for understanding menopause are discussed, especially the kinds of questions that are asked and the kinds of evidence needed before conclusions are drawn with regard to clinically significant areas. A broader-biological model of menopause provides a framework within which health-related issues can be considered from a perspective that is, on the one hand, more holistic, and on the other hand, more attentive to individual differences. 相似文献
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Craig Cormick 《Nanoethics》2009,3(2):167-173
Public debate on nanotechnology is a large topic within governments, research agencies, industry and non-government organisations.
But depending who you talk to the perception of what the public thinks about nanotechnology can be very varied. To define
coherent policy and to invest in research and development that aligns with public preferences, needs more than just perceptions
of public perceptions. Public attitude studies are vital in understanding what the public really think, but they need to go
further than simplistic polling and should examine factors such as changes over time, drivers of attitude change, different
attitudes to different applications and be supported by qualitative data. This paper summarises the findings of a three year
tracking study of public attitudes towards nanotechnology, highlighting both concerns and aspirations for nanotechnology and
discusses the impacts of that data on public engagement programs. 相似文献
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In this reply, we endorse Chartrand's (2005) taxonomy of conscious awareness for different stages of consumer decisions affected by environmental cues. In addition, we attempt to broaden the scope of this taxonomy by discussing its usefulness for consumer decisions in general. We generally support Simonson's (2005) claim that research based on consumers as conscious decision makers is indeed predictive of a wide variety of behavior. However, we also argue that the importance of consciousness should not be overstated. Conscious processes observed in a research laboratory are not representative of conscious processes in real life. The alternative model to describe effects of the environment on behavior by Janiszewski and van Osselaer (2005) may be useful to explain automaticity in goal‐directed behavior, but it poorly describes other automatic behaviors. 相似文献