中国人的左右利手分布

在利手与大脑语言优势半球的研究中,尚缺乏中国人左右利手的基本数据。本研究从全国各地调查了18,593名男女正常人和1,748名神经精神病患者的利手分布。正常人包括幼儿园、小学、中学、大学学生,同卵和异卵双生子,以及各种职业的成人。同时还调查了七个少数民族的利手分布。调查结果表明,中国人的左利率仅为0.23％,远远低于西方国家的左利手数值。     

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN SUCCESSFUL JOB SEARCHES FOLLOWING LAY-OFF

A field study was conducted to examine attitudinal and behavioral variables associated with reemployment following job termination. Thirty-five employees were surveyed within two days following termination. Of those surveyed, 23 were contacted one month later regarding employment status. Analyses revealed that reemployed persons were significantly more confident of job search skills and had engaged in a greater number of search behaviors than had individuals who had remained unemployed. No significant differences between the reemployed and still unemployed groups were obtained in affective responses to termination or nonwork-related variables. The findings suggest that reemployment success is related to individual differences in expectations of successful job search. Implications for future research on job loss and reemployment are discussed.     

基诺族左右利手分布的再调查

1981年,全国利手研究协作组对基诺族的左右利手分布作了首次调查。这次调查的结果是,基诺族全部是强右利手。这是一个非常特殊的结论。为此,一九八九年我们对基诺族的左右利手分布又作了一次调查。调查发现,基诺族并不都是强右利手,他们当中既有一般的右利手,也有混合利手,还有左利手,甚至有1.79％的强左利手。基诺族的左利率高于汉族,但与其他少数民族接近。基诺族的左利率偏高占其传统文化有关。全国利手研究协作组的调查结果应该修正。     

儿童左右概念发展的实验研究

儿童正确地掌握左右概念要經过长期而复杂的发展道路。不同年龄儿童掌握左右概念的水平、反映出各該年龄儿童思維发展的水平。前人的研究指出:儿童对左右方向的辨别,开始是以他自身的左右为推算的出发点,构成感性推算系統。然后在这基础上,形成感性推算系統和有关的詞——“左”“右”的联     

社会认知中印象形成的记忆和认知表征研究

本文以社会认知为出发点,考察印象形成记忆和认知表征;采用具体行为描述作为刺激材料,通过三个实验,160名被试,系统考察了印象形成中行为信息加工的方式。结果表明：（1）印象形成过程中,我们对行为信息进行精致加工编码,行为信息与品质相关,但它们是独立存贮在记忆中;（2）项目增加和项目丢失技术是区别精致加工和组织加工的有效工具。     

SEX-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN HEALTH AND ILLNESS

Mortality and morbidity statistics which reflect the major health disorders in the nation have changed dramatically in this century. Infectious diseases have been largely controlled, and this country's citizens are now burdened with the chronic and disabling disorders of an aging population that are increasingly linked to environmental and behavioral factors. This article documents gender and sex differences among the major life-threatening disorders and chronic health problems and suggests implications for psychology as a health science and profession.     

INDIVIDUALITY IN THEOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND THEORIES OF EMBODIED COGNITION

Contemporary theological anthropology is now almost united in its opposition toward concepts of the abstract individual. Instead there is a strong preference for concrete concepts, which locate individual human being in historically and socioculturally contingent contexts. In this paper I identify, and discuss in detail, three key themes that structure recent theological opposition to abstract concepts of the individual: (1) the idea that individual human beings are constituted in part by their relations with their environments, with other human beings, and with God; (2) the idea that individual human beings are unique entities; (3) the idea that individual human beings cannot be conceptualized in atemporal terms. Subsequently, I seek to demonstrate that theories of embodied cognition offer broad, if not unconditional, support for the concept of the concrete individual. As such, I suggest, theories of embodied cognition provide a valuable resource for dialogue between contemporary science and theological anthropology.     

爆发怒与潜在怒及其在认知操作中的功能

研究旨在证明;实验1.实验室人工诱发婴儿被试愤怒情绪被划分为爆发怒与潜在怒两种愤怒表现形式,它们在婴儿进行的“迂回”作业操作中显示了不同的功能作用：爆发怒被试的操作效果显著优于潜在怒被试。实验２．以实验１同样的方法诱发婴儿被试愤怒情况下,在另一项“寻找”作业中验证了爆发怒与潜在怒两种愤怒形式确实具有不同的功能作用,实验２以心率水平测量作为验证指标。     

THE ROLE OF COGNITION AND FEELING IN RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE

Abstract Inquiry into religious experience is informed by conceptualizations of emotion. Although a long history of theoretical and empirical work has provided considerable insight into the philosophical, psychological, and (more recently) neurobiological structure of emotion, the role of cognition and feeling in religious emotional states remains poorly conceived, and, hence, so does the concept of religious experience. The lack of a clear understanding of the role of emotion in religious experience is a consequence of a lack of an adequate interdisciplinary account of emotions. Our primary aim here is to examine the consequences of a properly interdisciplinary understanding of emotions for the analysis of religious experience. To this end, we note points of convergence between psychological, philosophical, and neuroscientific accounts of emotion and between such accounts and reports on the neurobiology of religious experience, in particular two recent human brain imaging studies. We conclude that emotions are richer phenomena than either pure feeling or pure thought and that, rightly understood, emotion affords religious experience its distinctive content and quality. Accordingly, we argue that religious experience cannot be reduced to pure feeling or pure thought. Rather, on our analysis, religious experience emerges as “thinking that feels like something.”     

SEX DIFFERENCES AND DEPRESSION IN PUERTO RICO

Sex differences in rates of depressive disorders and depressive symptomatology, as measured by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, are examined for an island-wide probability sample of Puerto Rico. Consistent with previous research, depression is significantly more prevalent in Puerto Rican women than men. Risk factors associated with depressive symptomatology are examined from a sex-role perspective. The results of multiple regression analyses show that even after demographic, health and marital and employment status variables are controlled, women continue to be at higher risk of depressive symptomatology than men. These results are interpreted within a cultural and sex-role perspective.     

ORGANIZATION AND RATER DIFFERENCES IN PERFORMANCE APPRAISALS

This study examines the effects of organizational differences and rater differences on performance appraisals. Self, peer, and supervisory ratings of performance for nurses in four hospitals and self, student, peer, and supervisory ratings for resident advisors in seven university dormitory complexes were used in this study. The analyses indicate that both organization and rater differences have significant, independent effects on performance ratings. The findings suggest that organizational differences may restrict the generality of the findings of performance appraisal studies across organizational settings. They also may have a negative impact on the usefulness of any particular performance appraisal form in different settings, and on the ability of managers to accurately interpret and compare performance ratings for individuals in different organizational subunits.     

SEX SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN TYPES OF PLAY IN GAMES AND SPORTS

In two studies, 374 participants gave retrospective reports of their favorite games, toys, and hobbies (games) and of their favorite exercise and sports (sports) in elementary school, high school, and college. We tested Gilligan's (1982) expectation that more of males' play would be group activities played in public places, whereas more of females' games and sports would be home-based play in intimate dyads. Results showed that sex similarities and differences varied as a function of kind of play. For both sexes, games tended to be home-based and individual or dyadic play, however sports tended to be group, public-based play. Whereas team sports play was most frequent in childhood for both sexes and decreased in frequency from childhood into adulthood, the decrease in team, as compared to individual and dyadic, sports was significantly more dramatic for girls than for boys. The data indicated that whereas girls participate in a variety of types of play, boys' sports play is dominated by team activity across development. Thus, sex differences in the types of sports play provided the strongest support for Gilligan's hypothesis that socialization in team play may foster a reliance upon rights-based moral reasoning in boys.     

SEX DIFFERENCES IN JEALOUSY IN EVOLUTIONARY AND CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE:

Abstract— As predicted by models derived from evolutionary psychology, men within the United States have been shown to exhibit greater psychological and physiological distress to sexual than to emotional infidelity of their partner, and women have been shown to exhibit more distress to emotional than to sexual infidelity. Because cross-cultural tests are critical for evolutionary hypotheses, we examined these sex differences in three parallel studies conducted in the Netherlands ( N = 207), Germany ( N = 200), and the United Slates ( N = 224) Two key findings emerged First, the sex differences in sexual jealousy are robust across these cultures, providing support for the evolutionary psychological model Second, the magnitude of the sex differences varies somewhat across cultures—large for the United States, medium for Germany and the Netherlands Discussion focuses on the evolutionary psychology of jealousy and on the sensitivity of sex differences m the sexual sphere to cultural input.     

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND RELATIONAL INTERDEPENDENCES IN SOCIAL INTERACTION

This research argues for the integration of individual difference and relational models in understanding social interaction. Two longitudinal studies are reported that investigate dyadic perceptions within a small group context. A round-robin design and variance partitioning procedures were used to isolate consistent individual differences and unique relational interdependencies in perceptions of leadership, openness, and liking. Both studies indicate that the magnitudes of individual level consistencies and unique relational interdependence vary as a function of characteristics assessed and the length of the relationship. The implications for conceptualizing and measuring relational aspects of interaction and for understanding the interface between individual difference and relational explanations for social interaction are discussed.