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从观点采择的角度考察儿童对他人记忆的评判及其与错误信念理解的关系。与他人分享记忆时,个体需要同时处理自我与他人对过去的表征和看法;而要顺利完成错误信念任务,个体需要同时加工自我的真实信念与他人的错误信念。因此个体对他人记忆的评判能力可能会与其对错误信念的理解相关。40名4岁儿童完成一系列错误信念任务和评判他人记忆是否正确任务,情境包括视觉、意图解释和情绪解释。结果表明,控制年龄、语言和记忆能力等因素后,被试评判他人记忆的成绩仍然可以预测其对错误信念的理解。这些结果为幼儿在回忆叙述中谈及他人越多,其心理理论越好提供了进一步的证据和可能的解释 相似文献
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观点采择任务在心理理论脑机制研究中的应用 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
以往的心理理论脑机制研究主要采用经典的错误信念任务或其变式。近年来,研究者开始将观点采择实验任务融入心理理论脑机制的研究中,得到了更为精确的研究结果。研究发现,心理理论涉及额叶—顶叶—颞叶的神经网络,它们是完成心理理论加工必不可少且功能各异的脑区。文章阐述了观点采择任务在心理理论脑机制研究中的具体应用,并指出今后应着重在发展认知神经科学的框架中,融合镜像神经元的最新成果展开对该领域的研究。 相似文献
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儿童社会观点采择的发展及其子类型间的差异的研究 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:4
对幼儿园大班至小学阶段的425名儿童施以认知和情感两类观点采择测验,考察儿童社会观点采择发展的一般趋势以及两类观点采择的发展趋势及水平上的差异。结果发现:6岁左右儿童在准确推断他人观点方面还存在较大困难。6—10岁左右是儿童社会观点采择能力快速发展的时期。10岁左右儿童已能根据环境信息较准确推断他人的观点:儿童认知观点采择与情感观点采择能力的发展趋势基本一致,但后者的发展水平极显著地落后于前者。 相似文献
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儿童社会观点采择与分享行为关系的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本研究选取幼儿园大班、小学一、二、三年级共240名被试,每个年级各60名,男女各半,考察儿童的社会观点采择能力与分享行为的关系。结果发现:(1)社会观点采择的发展对儿童的分享行为有影响,其中主要是认知观点采择对实际分享行为的影响;(2)儿童分享行为的发展有阶段性;(3)儿童认知观点采择和情感观点采择的发展在幼儿园大班,二者之间存在较显著的差异,到了一、二、三年级二者之间无显著差异。 相似文献
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儿童社会观点采择结构效度的研究 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
对幼儿园大班、小学二年级和四年级儿童进行经过标准化处理的四种社会观点采择任务测验,利用LISREL技术对社会观点采择任务的结构进行验证性因素分析,并对社会观点采择的结构效度进行考察。结果发现:1.儿童社会观点采择包含认知社会观点采择和情感社会观点采择两种亚类型;2.在对测验任务进行标准化处理以后,儿童的社会观点采择具有较高的结构效度。 相似文献
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移情、道德推理、观点采择与亲社会行为关系的研究进展 总被引:10,自引:1,他引:9
亲社会行为的发生是一个涉及许多因素共同影响的复杂过程。本文以移情、道德推理、观点采择这三者与亲社会行为之间的关系,分3个方面回顾了近年来的研究进展。对移情、道德推理与观点采择影响亲社会行为的复杂机制也作了思考。 相似文献
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采用失望礼物研究范式考察心理理论与幼儿白谎行为的关系,及认知移情和情绪移情在其中的中介作用。结果发现:(1)幼儿的白谎行为发生率、心理理论、认知移情和情绪移情能力随年龄的增长而提高;(2)控制年龄与言语能力后,幼儿的心理理论与认知移情呈显著正相关、与白谎行为也呈显著正相关,且认知移情与白谎行为呈显著正相关;(3)幼儿的认知移情在心理理论和白谎行为间起部分中介的作用。结果表明:幼儿的心理理论可直接影响其白谎行为,也可通过认知移情的中介作用间接影响其白谎行为。 相似文献
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Brad M. Farrant Tara A. J. Devine Murray T. Maybery Janet Fletcher 《Infant and child development》2012,21(2):175-188
The current study analyzed the relationships among maternal empathy (emotional and cognitive), parenting that encourages the child to take the perspective of others, child cognitive empathy and child prosocial behaviour. Participants were 72 typically developing children (66 Caucasian, six Asian) aged between 47 and 76 months (M = 61.5 months, SD = 8.3 months). Results support the facilitative effect of parenting that encourages the child to take the perspective of others. Thus, the role played by parents in the development of prosocial behaviour extends beyond warm/sensitive/responsive parenting in infancy. Together these forms of parenting are key factors that facilitate the development of prosocial behaviour. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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LeBlanc LA Coates AM Daneshvar S Charlop-Christy MH Morris C Lancaster BM 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2003,36(2):253-257
We evaluated video modeling and reinforcement for teaching perspective-taking skills to 3 children with autism using a multiple baseline design. Video modeling and reinforcement were effective; however, only 2 children were able to pass an untrained task, indicating limited generalization. The findings suggest that video modeling may be an effective technology for teaching perspective taking if researchers can continue to develop strategies for enhancing the generalization of these new skills. 相似文献
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道德判断的分级现象 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Blair(1996)发现即使没有心理理论的孤独症儿童,也具备道德判断能力。而Kahn(2004)认为没有心理理论就不可能完成道德判断。已有研究表明,道德判断可能需要一定程度的心理理论。孤独症儿童心理理论存在困难,影响他们理解道德情景并进行正确的道德判断,但这是否与任务的要求道德判断能力的程度不同有关呢?研究增加道德情景的复杂程度,进一步考察儿童道德判断规律。结果发现,道德判断有分级现象,第一级是直接对道德行为进行判断,孤独症和正常儿童都能完成该任务,可能是以原始情绪为基础的;第二级道德判断是对简单道德情景进行判断,需要以心理理论为基础,只有正常儿童才能完成;而对行为与意图不一致的复杂道德判断则需要以更加丰富的经历或者经验为基础,但其属于三级道德判断还是二级道德判断的高级形式还需要进一步的研究。 相似文献
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Sandra Leanne Bosacki 《The Journal of genetic psychology》2013,174(2):170-191
The author investigated the longitudinal relations between theory of mind (ToM) understanding and perceptions of self and social conversations in 17 school-aged children (12 girls, 5 boys, age 8–12 years). ToM was assessed at Time 1 (T1; M age = 8 years 5 months, SD = 8.7 months, and perceptions of self and conversational experiences assessed two years later at Time 2 (T2; M age = 10 years 4 months, SD = 7.9 months. Most importantly, longitudinal findings showed that children who scored relatively high on ToM at T1 reported relatively lower perceptions of self-worth and higher number of mental states verbs in their perceptions of peer and family conversations at T2. Significant negative longitudinal associations were found between children's number of siblings and their perceptions of self-worth (T1) and number of cognitive terms in their perceptions of peer and family conversations (T2). Frequency analysis suggested that girls’ perceptions of conversations referred to more social and psychological aspects of self and relationships, whereas boys focused mainly on physical activities. Most children were more likely to prefer listening to talking during social conversations. The majority of children reported feelings of mixed or ambiguous emotions during experiences of silence. Implications for socioemotional and cognitive development in early adolescents are discussed. 相似文献
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For more than 30 years, researchers have focused on the important transition that children undergo between the ages of 3 and 5, when they start to solve mind‐reading problems that require reasoning about complex mental states, such as beliefs. The main question for debate has been whether, during that transition, children acquire new concepts about how the mind works (i.e. a more sophisticated ‘theory of mind’) or whether their more general cognitive abilities improve and help them deal with the general task demands. Recently, researchers have started to explore mind‐reading abilities in individuals outside of the classic 3–5 age span, showing early theory of mind abilities in ever‐younger children and infants, but also far from flawless performance in adults. In this article, we show how the results of these two new lines of research converge on the idea that there is more to mind reading than having theory of mind concepts: there are various processes required to efficiently implement theory of mind concepts in our reasoning, and there may be, in fact, multiple mind‐reading routes available. We then highlight the emergent new directions for future research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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