类比比较样例对物理综合题学习迁移效果的影响

研究通过三个实验,比较了普通样例和类比比较样例在学习物理综合题中的效果,并在此基础上,进一步分析两种不同类型的类比比较样例对物理综合题学习的迁移效果以及“提示”这一样例设计方法的促进作用。结果发现:(1)通过类比比较样例学习物理综合题的效果优于普通样例;(2)相比于单综概念类比比较样例,综合概念类比比较样例能更好地提高物理综合题学习的近迁移成绩,但未提高其远迁移成绩;(3)提示能明显促进类比比较样例在物理综合题学习中的作用,但不同提示类型的影响无显著差异。该结果表明:类比比较样例是学习物理综合题的有效样例形式,而其中综合概念类比比较样例效果最佳;开放式提示和支架式提示均能较好地促进类比比较样例的学习。     

简单结构刺激非规则特征突显条件下的样例效应

用变化了的Allen和Brooks的实验范式,采用2(学习轮次:5轮、10轮)×2(项目类型:旧项目、新项目)×2(项目匹配性质:正向匹配、反向匹配)混合实验设计,研究对4个特征刺激分类时非规则特征突显条件下的样例效应。结果发现,无论是错误率还是反应时都取得了明显的样例效应,但是学习时间的影响不明显。     

规则分类中刺激感知特征突显度平衡条件下的样例效应

运用Allan和Brooks的实验范式,用2(学习轮次:5轮、10轮)×2(项目类型:旧项目、新项目)×2(项目匹配性质:正向匹配、反向匹配)混合实验设计,研究分类中刺激感知特征突显度平衡条件下的样例效应,结果发现:在学习5轮的条件下没有获得样例效应,在学习10轮的条件下,获得了错误率上的样例效应.     

规则分类中刺激非规则特征突显条件下的样例效应

用Allan和Brooks的实验范式,采用2（学习轮次：5轮、10轮）×2（项目类型：旧项目、新项目）×2（项目匹配性质：正向匹配、反向匹配）混合实验设计,研究规则分类中非规则特征突显条件下的样例效应。结果发现,在学习5轮的条件下,获得了错误率上的样例效应,在学习5轮和10轮的条件下都没有获得反应时上的样例效应。实验得出样例效应的产生和突显的非规则特征有关的结论。     

先前知识和样例设计对学习分数乘法规则的影响

研究通过3个实验,以6年级学生为被试,考察了先前知识在分数乘法规则单、双内容样例学习中的作用以及“标记法”、“标记+注释法”样例设计方法对低先前知识学生学习双内容样例的促进效果。结果发现：（1）高先前知识学生学习两种样例的迁移成绩无显著差异,且均好于低先前知识学生的成绩;（2）低先前知识学生学习单内容样例的迁移成绩明显优于双内容样例;（3）与学习普通样例相比,低先前知识学生学习“标记法”双内容样例的后测成绩无显著差异,但学习“标记+注释法”设计的样例的成绩明显更好。结果表明,学生单、双内容样例的学习效果受其先前知识水平的影响;低先前知识学生未能从“标记法”设计的双内容样例中获益,但学习“标记+注释法”设计的样例效果更佳。     

碳氢共价键结构式正误样例组合的学习效果

为考察错误样例在样例组合学习中的作用,以烃类物质碳氢共价键结构式为实验材料,以高中一年级学生为被试,对正确和错误样例组合的学习效果进行了实验。结果显示,正、误样例组合的学习成绩显著优于正确样例组合的学习成绩。在正、误样例组合的学习中,正、误样例数量相等的学习成绩明显优于数量不等的学习成绩;“对比”呈现正、误样例的学习成绩明显优于“分块”呈现正、误样例的学习成绩。     

关于样例学习中样例设计的若干研究

样例学习是人的自适应学习的主要方式之一,它在认知技能获取的早期阶段起着尤其重要的作用。该文主要对样例学习的历史背景、当前存在的几种样例学习方向进行了综述,并对将来的研究进行了展望。     

增加样例学习中认知负荷的研究及思考

样例学习研究的一个重要取向:基于认知负荷理论.文章主要基于国外相关的研究文献,首先简述样例学习与认知负荷理论的关系,然后梳理增加样例学习中有效负荷研究概况与趋势,最后就有关研究问题作了进一步思考.     

归类不确定时样例代表性对特征归纳预测的影响研究

作者用以大学生被试的一个实验考察归类不确定情景下样例的代表典型性对特征归纳预测的可能影响。实验结果表明,预测特征相对于目标特征的综合条件概率影响特征归纳预测,而样例的代表典型性并不影响特征归纳预测,没有出现样例的代表典型性效应。预测特征综合条件概率策略能预测解释这种结果。     

样例与运算性程序知识学习迁移关系的初步研究

以程序性知识进一步区分为联结性程序知识与运算性程序知识为前提,对样例与运算性程序知识学习迁移的关系进行探讨。结果表明：（１）样例对运算性程序知识迁移成绩有重要影响;（２）运算性程序知识的学习迁移有着不同联结性程序知识的学习迁移现象。     

Systemic Reflecting Team Training: Perceptions and Experiences of South African Educational Psychologists

Abstract

There is limited research on the application of systemic family therapy in developing countries. This qualitative study explored the perceptions and experiences of 12 educational psychologists and a family therapy trainer, who have worked within a systemic reflecting team using Tom Andersen’s method of training and supervision. The semi-structured interview findings suggested positive perceptions of systemic intervention, despite various challenges experienced in its implementation within the South African context. The educational psychologists identified their reflecting team experiences as being beneficial for both their professional development and current practices. Future research which investigates the reflecting team process in action is recommended.     

EXPLORING A TEACHING/RESEARCH NEXUS AS A POSSIBLE SITE FOR FEMINIST METHODOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN PSYCHOLOGY

In this article the links between feminist pedagogy and feminist research are used as a basis for exploring the potential that teaching about women and gender has a methodological resource for feminist research in psychology. Inspiration for this article stemmed from the author's experience of teaching a postgraduate class in Gender Issues in Psychology in New Zealand. An assessed task for the course required students to interview two women. The interviews were transcribed and the content summarized in a written report and an oral presentation. All parties involved with the project reported finding it an educational experience. The exercise is evaluated as an example of feminist research. The advantages and limitations of using the classroom as a resource for research by feminist psychologists are discussed.     

The role of educational psychologists in promoting ethical research conducted with children: an exploratory study

This study explored perceptions of educational psychologists on their role in promoting ethical research involving children. Participants were 10 South African educational psychologists (females = 60%; males = 40%) from mostly public services (90%). Data on their perceived roles in research ethics monitoring and implementation were collected through individual interviews and a brief questionnaire. The data were thematically analysed. Findings suggest that educational psychologists have a role in protecting children from harm during research participation while also monitoring benefits due to the children. A social justice perspective appears to explain the role of educational psychologists in research protection for children.     

Evidence Searching for Evidence-based Psychology Practice

There is an increased awareness of evidence-based methodology among psychologists, but little exists in the literature about how to access the research. Moreover, the prohibitive cost of this information combined with limited time are barriers to the identification of evidence to answer clinical questions. This article presents an example of a question worked though in an evidence-based way. Methods are highlighted, including distinguishing background and foreground questions, breaking down questions into searchable statements, and adapting statements to suit both the question being asked and the resource being searched. A number of free, evidence-based resources are listed. Knowing how and where to access this information will enable practitioners to more easily use an evidence-based approach to their practice.     

Proactive, early screening to detect behaviorally at-risk students: Issues, approaches, emerging innovations, and professional practices

This article provides a review of current practices and tools used in the proactive screening of behaviorally at-risk students within the context of schooling. While there are many obstacles to the early detection of vulnerable students, some recent developments have helped make educators more receptive to early identification and prevention approaches. In addition to describing current best practices, this article reviews promising innovations in screening and early identification that the authors believe are worth considering and whose structural characteristics, required accommodations, and critical features may make them more acceptable to educational users. Implications for the training of school psychologists in the screening and early identification of high-risk students are reviewed and recommendations offered for future research.     

教育现实情境取向的教育心理学研究——德国近十年教育心理学发展的基本走向

摘 要：迄今国内对德国教育心理学的发展状况了解、评介甚少。在全球化的今天,将目光聚焦于曾对心理学,其中包括教育心理学做出过巨大贡献,至今仍在国际心理学界占一席之地的德国十分必要。文章以三种德文教育心理学权威学术期刊近十年发表的论文为资料源进行分析,概括出德国教育心理学的新近发展特点是：以教育现实情境为基本研究取向,以学习者心理研究为中心,以量化研究为主并注重多方法结合,凸现了教育心理学对教育实践的指导价值。德国教育心理学发展的基本走向为：重视校外环境对学习者的影响,重视教与学双主体的相关能力及面临的问题的解决,重视以多媒体网络技术为基础的新媒体的作用、重视整合研究及国际交流等。     

Psychologists in Academic Health Centers and Medical Centers: Being Visible,Relevant and Integral

Psychologists play key roles in academic health centers. This article is an outgrowth of a presentation at the 2015 Conference of the Association of Psychologists in Academic Health Centers addressing various strategies by which psychologists can effectively adapt to and develop successful careers in medical schools, academic health centers, and teaching hospitals. The authors encourage early career and mid-career psychologists in academic health centers to be active, engaged members of their institutions and to participate in multiple aspects of the research, educational, and clinical missions.     

Legal responsibilities for educational psychologists

This paper considers the legal responsibilities of educational psychologists which fall mainly in relation to pupils with special educational needs. The first section introduces the work of educational psychologists, with some discussion of the professional and ethical difficulties posed by many aspects of their practice. An outline of the legal framework for their work in the England and Wales is provided, as an example of the application of those professional and ethical issues in practice, followed by and outline of potential areas of legal challenge and their implications. Reference is finally made to problems being experienced in policy, principle and practice arising from the tensions and dilemmas inherent in the legislation.     

国外有关非智力因素的实证研究

国外的许多心理学家已经对非智力因素问题进行了大量的实证性研究。心理测量学家们主要是围绕智力因素与非智力因素的关系展开研究。而一些教育心理学家和实验心理学家则宁可去研究动机、情感、人格等因素对学生学业成就的影响。对国外非智力因素实证研究的回顾将有助于今天国内的非智力因素研究。     

算术应用题二重变异样例学习的迁移效果

设计并运用了三种表面特征变异的二重样例和三种结构特征变异的二重样例,对二年级小学生解决算术应用题的迁移效果进行了实验研究。结果表明：一个原样例的学习就能明显促进了二年级小学生解决与原样例表面特征不同而结构特征相同的近迁移问题;学习三种表面特征变异的二重样例后没有产生明显的远迁移效果;而学习了三种结构特征变异的二重样例后产生了不同程度的远迁移效果,其中,规则平行组合二重样例学习的远迁移效果最好,其次是规则变异二重样例学习的远迁移效果,规则镶嵌组合变异二重样例学习的远迁移效果最差