What will Phil do next? : Spontaneously inferred traits influence predictions of behavior

Past research has shown that perceivers intentionally may make trait inferences about others and use this information to make predictions about these others' future behaviors. Other research has also shown that people can make trait inferences without intent—that is, spontaneously. However, one unexplored avenue is whether spontaneous trait inferences (STI), affect how perceivers predict others' will behavior. Three studies explored this issue. Results from Studies 1 and 2 showed that: (1) exposure to trait-implicative behaviors describing an actor influences subsequent behavior predictions made about the actor in a trait-consistent manner, and (2) predictions occurred regardless of behavior recall, implying that the behavior predictions were derived from prior trait inferences and not from behavior recall. Results from Study 3 bolstered this conclusion by showing that behavior predictions were similar regardless of whether subjects were explicitly instructed to make inferences or not, but that a manipulation known to interfere with inference generation (lie detection instructions) muted behavior predictions. Results from Study 3 also suggested that the prediction effects had both automatic and controlled components, and that reductions observed in the lie detection condition of Study 3 were caused by alterations in the automatic influence of trait knowledge to the behavior predictions. These results suggest that STI may be causal inferences about the actors' dispositions.     

Destruktivit?t in Paarbeziehungen Paartherapeutische Behandlungsm?glichkeiten

Streitende Paare, die in destruktiven Kommunikationsmustern gefangen sind lösen oft schwierige Situationen in einer Paartherapie aus. Die Kommunikationsmuster reichen von verbalen Entwertungen und Beschimpfungen bis hin zu gewalttätigen Auseinandersetzungen. Damit der Therapeut bzw. die Therapeutin handlungsfähig bleiben, müssen sie über Erklärungsmodelle zur Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung destruktiver Interaktionszirkel verfügen. Darüber hinaus benötigen sie Handwerkszeug und konkrete Interventionsmöglichkeiten zur Deeskalation bzw. zur Unterbrechung dieser destruktiven Muster.     

From ugly duckling to swan?: Japanese and American beliefs about the stability and origins of traits

Two studies compared the development of beliefs about the stability and origins of physical and psychological traits in Japan and the United States in three age groups: 5–6-year-olds, 8–10-year-olds, and college students. The youngest children in both cultures were the most optimistic about negative traits changing in a positive direction over development and being maintained over the aging period. The belief that individual differences in traits are inborn increased with age, and in all age groups, this belief was related to predictions of greater trait stability. In both cultures, all ages believed positive traits would be maintained over development. In addition to developmental similarities across cultures, cultural variations, consistent with the hypothesis that interdependent cultures have a more incremental view of traits, were present. Japanese participants were more optimistic than American participants about negative traits changing towards the positive and were more likely to attribute differences in trait expression to effort.     

Is guilt ‘likely’ or ‘not certain’?: Contrast with previous probabilities determines choice of verbal terms

This research focuses on what determines speakers' choice of positive and negative probability phrases (e.g., “a chance” vs. “not certain”) in a legal context. We argue that choice of phrase to describe an event's probability of occurrence can be determined by the contrast between its current p value and an earlier p value, and not by that current value alone. Three experiments were conducted describing scenarios where profilers communicated a suspect's probability of guilt to the police. In the first study, a probability estimate is revised upwards or downwards. In the second one, the probability estimate of a speaker is higher or lower than that given by a previous speaker. In both cases, participants expected upward trends to lead to positive phrases, whereas downward trends were associated with negative phrases. In a third study, participants had to select probability phrases to characterize two different suspects. No contrast effects were found. We conclude that verbal probability directionality has primarily an argumentative function, where positive phrases are selected when probabilities are contrasted with smaller p values, and negative when contrasted with higher p values.     

Keynote lectures (in alphabetical order, according to the lecturers’ last names)

Abstract

Keynote lectures (in alphabetical order, according to the lecturers’ last names)     

Baby do–baby see!: How action production influences action perception in infants

With a series of four experiments we show that self-produced actions influence infants’ perception of actions performed by others. After having played with an object, 7–11-month-olds simultaneously watched two videos presenting adults who act on either the same object or a different one. The 9- and 11-month-old preferred to watch the same-object video indicating an influence of action production on action perception at this age. Follow-up studies showed that this influence was restricted to object-related actions. Agentive experience enhanced interest in actions with objects, but not in watching objects or persons per se. These findings indicate that infants are not only interested in acting on objects themselves, but that this experience increases their interest in the actions of other people with the same object.     

Pr?vention chronischer Krankheiten und Gesundheitsf?rderung Der Beitrag der Verhaltensmedizin

In den vergangenen 50 Jahren konnten große Fortschritte in der Entwicklung und der Umsetzung des verhaltensmedizinischen Wissens über die Gesundheit von Individuen und Populationen erzielt werden. Allerdings kamen Gesundheitsförderung und Krankheitsprävention nicht allen Bevölkerungsschichten in und zwischen den einzelnen Ländern in gleichem Maße zugute. Die Ungleichheit der sozialen, psychischen und körperlichen Gesundheit zwischen den wohlhabendsten und ärmsten Bevölkerungsgruppen ist im Wesentlichen gleichgeblieben oder sogar gewachsen. Das Wissen darüber, wie solche Unterschiede in der Gesundheit entstehen, ist allerdings erst dann von Bedeutung, wenn es dazu verwendet wird, geeignete, langfristige und nachhaltige Präventionsstrategien auf mehreren Ebenen zu erarbeiten. Bei solchen Strategien spielen verschiedene Aspekte der globalen natürlichen ökologischen Umwelt und das Streben nach einer sog. gesundheitserhaltenden Umwelt eine wichtige Rolle. Mit dem wachsenden Einfluss der Globalisierung auf die Gesundheit stellt sich die Frage, welche Folgen jenseits der traditionellen nationalen Grenzen für die Krankheitsprävention und für die Gesundheitsförderung zu erwarten sind. Sie sollte uns anregen, darüber nachzudenken, dass die Verbreitung von wirksamen Interventionen auf institutioneller oder politischer Ebene nicht nur innerhalb eines Landes, sondern auch zwischen verschiedenen Ländern von höchster Wichtigkeit ist. In Anbetracht der global und schnell voranschreitenden ökonomischen und sozialen Veränderungen und des gewaltigen Einflusses von globalen Umweltveränderungen auf die Gesundheit müssen die Bandbreite und die Praxis der Verhaltensmedizin erweitert werden.     

Are intelligence and creativity really so different? : Fluid intelligence, executive processes, and strategy use in divergent thinking

Contemporary creativity research views intelligence and creativity as essentially unrelated abilities, and many studies have found only modest correlations between them. The present research, based on improved approaches to creativity assessment and latent variable modeling, proposes that fluid and executive cognition is in fact central to creative thought. In Study 1, the substantial effect of fluid intelligence (Gf) on creativity was mediated by executive switching, the number of times people switched idea categories during the divergent thinking tasks. In Study 2, half the sample was given an effective strategy for an unusual uses task. The strategy condition interacted with Gf: people high in Gf did better when given the strategy, consistent with their higher ability to maintain access to it and use it despite interference. Taken together, the findings suggest that divergent thinking is more convergent than modern creativity theories presume.     

Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Syndrom Wirksamkeit für hoch dosierte Omega-Fetts?uren neuerlich belegt

Aktuell

Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Syndrom Wirksamkeit für hoch dosierte Omega-Fetts?uren neuerlich belegt     

医患关系何解？——医者患病经历文献述评

综述医者患病经历相关文献发现,医、患分野和矛盾植根于医学和医学模式本身,是在现代医学发展过程中被建构出来的,解决医患关系问题应着眼于审视和改变医学文化和医学模式内部造成医患矛盾、分歧的根本原因,创造机会打破严格的医、患角色区隔,实现病人得治、医者得安、医患共同。在医者患病经历文献中,能追溯医患同源的起点,能洞悉医患分化和冲突所在,也能看到形成医患共同体的可能性,为实现和谐医患关系指明方向。

     

葡萄入药史考述——以中医药典籍为中心

葡萄是通过丝绸之路传入中原的物质文明,葡萄一入中原,即被广泛使用,可食用、可酿酒、可入药。中文文献记载的葡萄入药最早见于《神农本草经》,此后历代医家不断积累和完善葡萄入药经验,葡萄果、葡萄根、葡萄籽、葡萄叶等均可入药。学界研究葡萄的成果丰富,但研究葡萄入药的成果却甚少。通过详细梳理中医药典籍中的葡萄相关文献,探讨葡萄在中医药典籍中的演变历程,总结历代医家使用葡萄的经验和规律,在此基础上研究葡萄在中医药发展史上的意义和药用价值,并为现代医药学家使用和发掘葡萄丰富的药用价值提供借鉴。

     

Social dominance orientation: Cause or ‘mere effect’?: Evidence for SDO as a causal predictor of prejudice and discrimination against ethnic and racial outgroups

The question of whether SDO is a cause or mere effect of intergroup attitudes and behaviors has been the subject of heated debate. Much of the research brought to bear on the question, however, has used cross-sectional data that is not best-suited for making causal inferences. Using data from a panel study that tracked UCLA undergraduates over several years, we find support for the notion that SDO is a cause, rather than ‘mere reflection’ of prejudice and discrimination against outgroups. Specifically, using cross-lagged analyses among White students, we show that SDO measured in 1996 has significant marginal utility for predicting prejudice against a series of ethnic outgroups, as well as self-reported ingroup friendship preference, four years later, controlling for their 1996 levels. Conversely, outgroup affect and ingroup friendship preference measured in 1996 fail to predict SDO levels in 2000 once 1996 SDO levels are taken into account. Implications of these analyses for the debate on the interpretation of SDO as a relatively stable orientation towards group-based hierarchy in society are discussed.