语言习得的关键期及其对教育的启示

介绍了语言习得关键期的概念、支持的证据、成因以及研究的主要结果等内容,并指出了语言习得关键期的研究对教育的启示。     

语言理解能力个体差异的理论述评

０引言语言理解是心理语言学中的一个重要研究领域。对于语言理解能力的个体差异,已有不少学者进行探讨,提出各种理论观点。这些研究促进了对理解机制与过程的深入探究,为因材施教提供了一定依据。综观其研究历史,主要集中于以下三种理论。１基本语言加工能力的差异该观点认为语言理解由一集基本的成分加工组成。基本语言加工包括单词水平的加工．如单词译码、词汇通达,以及句子水平的加工．如句法分析等。Ｈｕｎｔ认为以提取为主的操作如词汇通达可能是个体差异的原因［１］。Ｐｅｒｆｅｔｔｉ等提出的言语效能假说（ｖｅｒｂａｌｅｆ…     

如何提高幼儿的语言能力

早期教育研究表明：0-6岁是幼儿语言习得的迅速时期,特别是3—6岁被称为幼儿语言发展的关键期,而这个阶段恰恰是在幼儿园期,在幼儿园如何营造适合幼儿语言运用语言发展的环境一直是我们幼儿工作者积极探索的问题。幼儿的语言发展水平不能单纯以幼儿的词汇量多少、语句的记忆量多少来衡量,主要是看能否清楚地运用一些日常生活中所必要掌握的句子正确地表达自己的思想感情,所以,我们首先要做的便是想方设法采用各种方法来促进幼儿这方面的发展,让幼儿的语言发展走向自由和谐的阳光地带。     

构建和谐语言环境 培养幼儿语言能力

语言能力是各种能力的基础。爱因斯坦说：“一个人的智力发展和形成概念的方法在很大程度上先取决于语言。”幼儿期是一个人一生语言发展的最初期,也是关键期。孩子只有真正学会了说话,把自己的愿望用正确的语句表达出来,才能自由地和人交往,也才能更好地接受成人传授的知识和经验。因此,语言教育是幼儿因教育中的一个重要领域。     

情感因素对二语习得及外语教学的影响

影响二语习得的因素众多,情感因素就是其中一个很重要的方面。积极乐观的情感状态对二语习得有促进作用;反之,消极否定的情感状态则会阻碍二语的习得。本文主要通过情感因素的三个方面,即动机、态度、焦虑等因素进行简要概述,旨在提出一些促进二语习得的学习策略,提高学生二语习得的学习成果。     

索绪尔与韩礼德语言研究比较

索绪尔与韩礼德都是语言学界的大家,他们对语言界定、语言符号特性、语言意义地位有不同的理解,二人分别从结构主义与功能主义的角度出发阐释了自己对语言现象、语言事实的研究,为后人提供了不同的认知视角和理解方法。     

学龄前孤独谱系障碍儿童汉语核心语法的习得

学龄前孤独谱系障碍(Autism Spectrum Disorders; ASD)儿童对语言的习得程度是决定ASD儿童早期科学干预效果和最终预后水平的关键。以往ASD儿童语言研究多局限于英语ASD儿童, 较少有研究探讨不同语种ASD儿童语言习得的普遍机制。本研究拟结合汉语独特的语法属性, 通过多通道优先注视范式眼动实验考察2~5岁ASD儿童汉语核心语法的理解程度, 通过共同注意游戏评估ASD儿童的社会交流能力, 同时分析ASD儿童语言环境中相关语法结构的输入频率。研究旨在通过探讨学龄前ASD儿童的语法习得, 进一步探索人类语言习得的深层机制, 包括探索人类特有的语言机能对包括ASD儿童语言习得在内的人类语言习得的作用, 同时考察社会交流障碍与语言环境对人类语言习得过程的影响。     

语言的群体间偏差研究

本文概述了语言的群体间偏差现象,这一现象的表现为:个体在描述正向或负向行为时,会由于描述对象是否与自己属于同一群体而在描述语言抽象性上存在差异.通过使用固定和自由反应研究范式,用实验方法进行研究,结果验证了这一现象在汉语背景下的存在.通过讨论这一偏差现象在刻板印象的维持与传播中的作用,及其在测量偏见上的应用,指出语言的群体间偏差现象在社会心理学研究中的重要价值.     

从心灵到语言 ——语言研究与人文科学

该文概述西方学术主流从“心灵”到“语言”的范式转换;清理以语言为批评范式的思想家们对语言“本质”的不同理解以及由此而产生的不同学术立场;凸显语用学对人文学术之重构的巨大影响;指出乔姆斯基的“普遍语法”以及与之似乎针锋相对的“认知语言学”,都在相当程度上代表了索绪尔之前的本质主义语言观对语言决定论的抵制。     

5──8岁儿童对几种偏正复句的理解

本研究用三种方式测试８０名５—８岁儿童对因果、条件和让步三种复句的理解。结果表明,他们对这三种复句的理解逐年提高,６岁和７岁之间的变化尤为明显。６岁儿童基本能理解因果复句和条件复句,７岁儿童基本能理解让步复句。他们在三种作业中表现出不同的理解水平,判断句子正误的成绩差于完成句子和指认代词所指的成绩。     

First Language Attrition Induces Changes in Online Morphosyntactic Processing and Re‐Analysis: An ERP Study of Number Agreement in Complex Italian Sentences

First language (L1) attrition in adulthood offers new insight on neuroplasticity and the role of language experience in shaping neurocognitive responses to language. Attriters are multilinguals for whom advancing L2 proficiency comes at the cost of the L1, as they experience a shift in exposure and dominance (e.g., due to immigration). To date, the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying L1 attrition are largely unexplored. Using event‐related potentials (ERPs), we examined L1‐Italian grammatical processing in 24 attriters and 30 Italian native‐controls. We assessed whether (a) attriters differed from non‐attriting native speakers in their online detection and re‐analysis/repair of number agreement violations, and whether (b) differences in processing were modulated by L1‐proficiency. To test both local and non‐local agreement violations, we manipulated agreement between three inflected constituents and examined ERP responses on two of these (subject, verb , modifier ). Our findings revealed group differences in amplitude, scalp distribution, and duration of LAN/N400 + P600 effects. We discuss these differences as reflecting influence of attriters’ L2‐English, as well as shallower online sentence repair processes than in non‐attriting native speakers. ERP responses were also predicted by L1‐Italian proficiency scores, with smaller N400/P600 amplitudes in lower proficiency individuals. Proficiency only modulated P600 amplitude between 650 and 900 ms, whereas the late P600 (beyond 900 ms) depended on group membership and amount of L1 exposure within attriters. Our study is the first to show qualitative and quantitative differences in ERP responses in attriters compared to non‐attriting native speakers. Our results also emphasize that proficiency predicts language processing profiles, even in native‐speakers, and that the P600 should not be considered a monolithic component.     

Effects of language experience on the perception of American Sign Language

Perception of American Sign Language (ASL) handshape and place of articulation parameters was investigated in three groups of signers: deaf native signers, deaf non-native signers who acquired ASL between the ages of 10 and 18, and hearing non-native signers who acquired ASL as a second language between the ages of 10 and 26. Participants were asked to identify and discriminate dynamic synthetic signs on forced choice identification and similarity judgement tasks. No differences were found in identification performance, but there were effects of language experience on discrimination of the handshape stimuli. Participants were significantly less likely to discriminate handshape stimuli drawn from the region of the category prototype than stimuli that were peripheral to the category or that straddled a category boundary. This pattern was significant for both groups of deaf signers, but was more pronounced for the native signers. The hearing L2 signers exhibited a similar pattern of discrimination, but results did not reach significance. An effect of category structure on the discrimination of place of articulation stimuli was also found, but it did not interact with language background. We conclude that early experience with a signed language magnifies the influence of category prototypes on the perceptual processing of handshape primes, leading to differences in the distribution of attentional resources between native and non-native signers during language comprehension.     

An Internet-Based Cognitive-Behavioural Training for Acute Tinnitus: Secondary Analysis of Acceptance in Terms of Satisfaction,Trial Attrition and Non-Usage Attrition

Objectives: Recent studies on tinnitus have focused on the efficacy of Internet-based interventions. Other core features of the quality of service, e.g. acceptance and attrition, have often been overlooked. This study analyses Internet-based training regarding acceptance and attrition in a trial on minimal-contact interventions for acute tinnitus. Whenever possible, we give information on other forms of training for comparison. Methods: In a randomised controlled trial with 337 participants, 87 persons took part in the Internet training. Results: The participants were as satisfied with the Internet-based training as with a face-to-face group training. There was a 34.48% dropout from the Internet-based training (dropout attrition). The training attrition from the Internet-based training was even higher at 64.4%. Conclusions: Two out of three indicators for acceptance—satisfaction and dropout attrition—provide comparable results between the Internet-based training and a face-to-face group training. The third indicator, training attrition, shows a better result for the group training. Future research should focus on attrition in order to enhance the overall effectiveness of training.     

Analogical Processes in Language Learning

ABSTRACT— The acquisition of language has long stood as a challenge to general learning accounts, leading many theorists to propose domain-specific knowledge and processes to explain language acquisition. Here we review evidence that analogical comparison is instrumental in language learning, suggesting a larger role for general learning processes in the acquisition of language.     

第二语言获得关键期研究进展

语言获得的关键期是发展心理学的一个重要且有争议的问题。近二十多年来．国外学者对第二语言获得年龄与第二语言的学习速度,第二语言的获得年龄与最后达到水平,第二语言的获得年龄与第二语言的大脑皮质表征和加工的关系等问题进行探讨,得到了复杂的结果。该领域的研究有待进一步控制与年龄相关的变量和认知变量,并将行为和脑功能的研究结合起来．更深入地探讨这一问题。     

An Event History Analysis of First-Term Soldier Attrition

The study of attrition has largely focused on identifying demographic or biographic characteristics that predict whether soldiers complete their enlistment term. As a result, much is known about who attrites. Less is known about why soldiers attrite. This research assessed the influence of two psychological factors on U.S. Army soldier attrition: self-reported confidence that one could complete one’s term of service and ambivalence regarding the decision to enlist. The study sample consisted of first-term enlisted soldiers (N = 14,808) who were respondents to Army surveys. Results of fitting three longitudinal models indicated that confidence in being able to complete one’s term of obligation was more predictive of attrition for those reporting greater ambivalence regarding the decision to enlist. This effect was significant throughout a 3-year period. This work adds to our understanding of attrition by highlighting the role of confidence and ambivalence. Implications for strategies to reduce attrition are discussed.     

Toward a New Attrition Screening Paradigm: Latest Army Advances

Managing and reducing attrition during the first term of enlistment is a continuing priority for the services. Over the past decade, attrition rates in the Army have averaged between 25% and 30% during first-term periods of enlistment. Historically, the services have relied on education credentials, with special emphasis on possessing a high school diploma, as a primary indicator of completion rates after enlistment and as a proxy for the ability to adapt to a military lifestyle. A primary purpose of this paper is to describe Army research to develop new indicators of adaptability to augment the current system based on education credentials. This work has focused primarily on noncognitive, personality measures and how such measures can be combined with other existing measures for attrition screening during enlistment processing. These advances represent a new paradigm that relies less heavily on education credentials and can provide a more comprehensive and inclusive approach. This new approach incorporates advances in testing methodology to make it more viable for use in large-scale, high-stakes testing applications.     

Language Acquisition is Language Change

According to the theory of Universal Grammar, the primary linguistic data guides children through an innately specified space of hypotheses. On this view, similarities between child-English and adult-German are as unsurprising as similarities between cousins who have never met. By contrast, experience-based approaches to language acquisition contend that child language matches the input, with nonadult forms being simply less articulated versions of the forms produced by adults. This paper reports several studies that provide support for the theory of Universal grammar, and resist explanation on experience-based accounts. Two studies investigate English-speaking children’s productions, and a third examines the interpretation of sentences by Japanese speaking children. When considered against the input children are exposed to, the findings of these and other studies are consistent with the continuity hypothesis, which supposes that child language can differ from the language spoken by adults only in ways that adult languages can differ from each other.     

Predictors of Client Attrition in a University-Based Community Counseling Clinic

The purpose of this study was to investigate how symptom distress, social role, interpersonal relationships, gender, age, number of supports, and education level predict client attrition in a community sample. Using binary logistic regression and cross-sectional data, the authors examined the predictive impact of 8 variables on adult client attrition in a university-based community counseling clinic. Results indicated that education level, interpersonal relationships, and number of supports significantly predicted attrition. In this sample, gender, age, symptom distress, social role, and race did not significantly predict attrition. Implications for clinical assessment and counseling practice are discussed.