A NEURAL SYSTEM FOR ERROR DETECTION AND COMPENSATION

Abstract— Humans can monitor actions and compensate for errors. Analysis of the human event-related brain potentials (ERPs) accompanying errors provides evidence for a neural process whose activity is specifically associated with monitoring and compensating for erroneous behavior. This error-related activity is enhanced when subjects strive for accurate performance but is diminished when response speed is emphasized at the expense of accuracy. The activity is also related to attempts to compensate for the erroneous behavior.     

时間間隔对触觉-动觉定位的影响

本文作者从前做过一个关于图形記忆再认的实驗研究。給被試者呈現一个图形,过了一定时間間隔之后,給他呈現一系列的类似的图形,要被試者再认原来的图形或在呈現的系列中指出原来图形所在的范围。結果見到,随着时間間隔的增长,被試者把近似图形当作原来图形的越来越多,指定的原来图形所在的范围越来越大。作者认为这是泛化     

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A COMPUTERIZED INTERPRETATION SYSTEM FOR PERSONNEL TESTS

A computerized system was developed for generating narrative interpretations of scores from a battery of personnel screening tests. The report structure and interpretive statement library were designed to capture the test expertise and interpretive strategies of a panel of testing experts. This was accomplished by enumerating the questions that the experts believed the battery could answer, developing answers to these questions, and devising rules for selecting the appropriate answers based on test-battery scores. The accuracy, thoroughness, readability, and coherence of the computer-generated reports were evaluated in comparison to reports generated by human experts for the same examinees. Results of the evaluation showed the computerized reports to be more accurate and thorough, as readable, and somewhat less coherent than interpretations generated by the typical human expert. The computerized system development and validation strategies described are useful for other applications in which numbers are interpreted in a narrative report format.     

双语控制的神经基础及其对第二语言教学的启示

双语加工和控制的认知神经科学研究发现,与一般性执行功能有关的最关键的脑区前额皮层,以及其它的相关脑区及神经基础如前扣带回、基底神经节和下顶叶等参与了双语语言理解和语言产生的双语控制中。这些研究成果对于利用第二语言促进认知控制能力的发展,以及利用认知控制训练促进高效率的第二语言教学有着重要的启示。     

用“逻辑陷阱”实现测谎功能的方法和数学证明

在心理测验过程中,有些受试者往往会说谎,作假答案,导致测验结果失真。本文使用逻辑推理的理论,探讨了在测验量表中设置“逻辑陷阱”来捕捉说谎者的方法。详细论述“逻辑陷阱”的测谎原理、设计方法。并给出具体推理过程的数学描述和证明。     

立体视觉研究中心理物理学和生理学实验的系统及其方法

双眼立体视觉涉及复杂的神经机制,因此在研究这个问题时,一般只能从某一侧面或某种方法入手,本文重点研究采用计算机控制的多功能刺激图形的产生及其在心理物理学研究中的效果,同时介绍了一种可以广泛用于立体视觉研究中的多功能刺激图形发生系统的工作原理和结构设计。     

功能词与内容词加工的神经机制的研究综述

功能词和内容词的加工是认知心理学研究领域的热点之一,文章总结了有关功能词和内容词神经机制的研究成果,目的是为从事相关研究的国内同行提供一些借鉴。主要的结论是：功能词和内容词的加工方式可能不同,从而引起不同ERP成分,主要包括N280,N400和N400-700等;内容词的加工可能涉及两个大脑半球的相关脑区,而功能词的加工则可能只涉及大脑左半球的某些脑区。     

CONCEPTUAL INTEGRATION AND EMPIRICAL TEST OF JOB DESIGN AND COMPENSATION RELATIONSHIPS

A conceptual integration of job design and compensation draws on interdisciplinary job design, job evaluation, and labor economic theory. It is argued that job design influences the number and level of skills required and the degree to which jobs are physically aversive or hazardous. External labor markets also respond to skill and physical requirements. Job evaluation links job design and market forces by analyzing jobs'compensable factors that reflect these requirements, and then relating them to the market through wage surveys across firms. An empirical examination presents relationships between job design and pay or job evaluation measures. Strongly supportive results replicate in two separate samples (total n = 213 jobs) which differ in industries, job types, skill levels, job design measures, job evaluation measures, and labor markets. Motivational job design had higher job evaluation measures reflecting higher skill requirements, and mechanistic and perceptual/motor design had lower evaluation measures reflecting lower skill requirements. Biological design had lower evaluation measures reflecting physical requirements.     

A TOKEN SYSTEM FOR A CLASS OF UNDERACHIEVING HYPERACTIVE CHILDREN

Using a BAB design, a token system requiring cooperative interaction was used to change the reading and vocabulary performance of an 18-member class of third-grade hyperactive boys. Four different colored tokens, which could be exchanged for 15 minutes of play on electrovideo games, were earned by successful completion of two tasks that involved learning to read and to use new vocabulary words in sentences, and two tasks in which the student served as a proctor to a student who had not yet completed those tasks. The mean number of tasks completed during the intervention periods rose to over nine times the number completed during reversal. Additionally, the average completion rate for the school district's standardized weekly reading level examinations rose from four to eight fold during the token conditions. All 18 students responded to the token program by increasing their academic performance.     

TESTICULAR SELF-EXAMINATION: VALIDATION OF A TRAINING STRATEGY FOR EARLY CANCER DETECTION

Testicular self-examination (TSE) can lead to early diagnosis and treatment of testicular cancer, the third leading cause of death in young men. We evaluated the effectiveness of a brief and specific checklist for teaching TSE skills. Ten men were videotaped while performing testicular self-examinations before and after training. The TSE training resulted in large and significant increases in the number of TSE steps completed and duration of the TSE. Two urological validation measures supported the improvements observed in the mens' self-examinations. Subjects reported continued performance of TSE during a follow-up telephone interview. This pilot study indicates that a brief and specific checklist is an effective strategy for teaching early cancer detection skills.     

THE DILEMMA OF ERROR AND ACCURACY: AN EXPLORATION

This paper reports on the research on error and accuracy within the realms of constructivism, reading, and writing, and describes an exploratory study of teacher perceptions of approaches to addressing error and accuracy in literacy instruction. Findings demonstrate that teachers who self-reported that they were developing constructivist approaches to classroom instructional practices had contradictory beliefs about dealing with reading and writing errors. There were also contradictory beliefs about addressing reading and writing errors with more- and less-able readers and writers. The teachers were solid in their conviction that students' inaccurate constructions of knowledge should be corrected through inquiry, but were unable to provide examples of instances in which they had done so.     

ORGANIZATION OF INFORMATION AND THE DETECTION OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION

Abstract— This report examines several factors that influence the detection of gender discrimination in organizations We presented subjects with information about the qualifications and salaries of women and men in 10 departments of a hypothetical company The information was created so that one or the other gender was undercompensated relative to its qualifications Subjects rated the fairness of salaries and recalled the average qualifications of the women and men Ordinal inequity, which occurred when the gender with the better qualifications received a lower salary within a department, was easily detected Discrimination that did not violate ordinal equity within a department was more difficult to detect The results indicate that the way information is presented to subjects influences the processing of the information and the ease with which unfairness is perceived In addition, subjects judged the discrimination to be more unfair when women, rather than men, were disadvantaged     

美国贝克斯特测谎系统在我国法庭科学中的应用

该文简介了美国贝克斯特测谎系统的基本原理及其在我国法院的首次应用情况。在我国这一系统不仅被用于刑事案件,也被用于民事案件,实践证明,测谎技术起到了其他手段所起不到的作用,成为法院办案过程有力的辅助工具和支持系统。为使本系统具有更高的效力和适合中国的国情,需要对贝克斯特测谎系统进行修订,该文也介绍了有关修订和检验的情况。     

汉字视听再认的ERP效应与记忆提取脑机制

测定了正常青年人汉字再认的事件相关电位(ERP)。观察到对听觉汉字的认知产生“持续中央负成分”,而视觉汉字的认知出现“晚期正成分”,提示汉字的视听认知具有不同的脑机制。汉字视听认知皆出现了新旧效应,即旧词皆引起ERP晚期成分的正走向变化,但视听新旧效应的起始时间与头皮分布不同,听觉效应为右半球优势,视觉效应则出现在左侧顶叶、左侧颞叶后部与右侧枕叶。以上实验结果提示,“优势半球”概念已难以概括半球间的多维动态关系,需要修正。     

DETECTION OF DECEPTION IN THE EMPLOYMENT CONTEXT: A REVIEW AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS

Empirical research on the validity of the polygraph, voice stress analysis, and paper and pencil instruments as mechanisms for the detection of deception is reviewed. It is noted that while these devices have their greatest use in the employment context, virtually all research has been done in an actual or simulated criminal investigation context. Three separate uses of devices for the detection of deception in the employment context are identified, namely, pre-employment screening, periodic screening of current employees, and investigation into a specific theft. Differences between each of these uses and the criminal investigation context are identified, and issues limiting the generalizability of research findings from one context to another are raised. Among the issues are the effects of a low base rate of guilt on accuracy, the effects of making multiple judgments on overall accuracy, and the potential for racial or ethnic bias in judgments of guilt or innocence.     

DETERMINANTS OF R AND D COMPENSATION STRATEGIES IN THE HIGH TECH INDUSTRY

This study indicates that sales volume, stage in the product life cycle, profitability and turnover are all important predictors of the method and magnitude of financial rewards provided by high tech firms to R and D employees. The most favorable situational factors for R and D incentive compensation are a low sales volume high tech company, operating in the growth stage of the product life cycle, with high turnover rates, and capable of linking profitability to incentive rewards such as bonuses.