A CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF RAPE VICTIMIZATION

Recent prevalence studies have suggested that 15-22% of women have been raped at some point in their lives, many by close acquaintances, although few victims seek assistance services or professional psychotherapy immediately post-assault. Surveys have revealed that 31–48% of rape victims eventually sought professional psychotherapy, often years after the actual assault. These observations suggest that the primary role of clinicians in the treatment of rape victims is the identification and handling of chronic, post-traumatic responses to a nonrecent experience. However, it is concluded that most of the existing literature on rape treatment addresses only the target symptoms that represent the immediate response to rape. In this article, contemporary theoretical and empirical discussions of stress, cognitive appraisal, cognitive adaptation, and coping are used to conceptualize the long-term impact of rape and the process of resolution. Directions for future research on the clinical treatment of rape are suggested.     

THE LANGUAGE OF RIGHTS AND CONCEPTUAL HISTORY

The historical problem about the origins of the language of rights derives its importance from the conceptual problem: of “two fundamentally different ways of thinking about justice,” which is basic? Is justice unitary or plural? This in turn opens up a problem about the moral status of human nature. A narrative of the origins of “rights” is an account of how and when a plural concept of justice comes to the fore, and will be based on the occurrence of definite speech‐forms—the occurrence of the plural noun in the sense of “legal properties.” The history of this development is currently held to begin with the twelfth‐century canonists. Later significant thresholds may be found in the fourteenth, sixteenth, and eighteenth centuries. Wolterstorff's attempt to find the implicit recognition of rights in the Scriptures depends very heavily on what he takes to be implied rather than on what is stated, and at best can establish a pre‐history of rights‐language.     

非熟练中——英双语者的第二语言的语义通达机制

使用跨语言启动条件下的真假字判断任务,通过变化启动刺激(英文单词)与目标刺激(汉字)采用4个实验研究了中-英非熟练双语者的第二语言的语义通达机制。被试为北京师范大学的学生63名。结果发现,当启动刺激(英文单词)的中文对译词与目标刺激之间的关系是翻译关系时,得到了显著的启动效应(实验一);当两者之间是语义联想关系时,前者对后者没有显著的影响(实验二);当两者之间是形似关系时,前者对后者产生了显著的抑制作用(实验三)：当两者之间是同音关系时,前者对后者产生了显著的促进作用。这一结果表明,对于中国的英语学习者来说,他们的第二语言只能借助其汉语对译词的词汇表征通达其语义概念表征,实验结果在一定程度上支持了Mroll(1994)的层次模型。     

MODES OF IDENTIFICATION: FREUD'S CONCEPTS REORGANIZED

The author examines Freud's conceptualizations of identification, Melanie Klein's projective identification, and Anna Freud's identification with the aggressor and altruistic surrender of one's own instinctual impulses. After demonstrating that Freud's concept primary identification refers not to a process but to the state of being identified, he suggests the substitution of it with Sandler's term “oneness”. He notes that hysterical identification, narcissistic identification, and introjection are unconscious processes that lead to a state of oneness and that they can be distinguished clinically in terms of the emotional meaning that an object holds for the individual. Furthermore, it is shown that the concept of identification with the aggressor represents a defense mechanism of its own and a specific mode of narcissistic identification, which together with projections and hysterical re-identification play a decisive rôle in projective identification and altruistic surrender of one's own instinctual impulses.     

文化常模和目标调节模型:两种幸福感文化观

随着世界经济的发展,人们物资生活水平的提高,如何提高生活质量这一问题引起了越来越多的关注。20世纪60年代后期,主观幸福感(SWB)的研究逐步在全世界范围内形成热潮。近年来,幸福感属性中的文化差异引起了跨文化研究者的极大兴趣。文章通过比较SWB跨文化研究中新近出现的两个理论模型——文化常模模型和目标调节模型,探讨了文化在SWB产生过程中的作用,并在此基础上分析了情绪性幸福感和生活意义之间的关系。     

EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS OF A DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL FOR TASK-ORIENTED SMALL GROUPS

The purpose of this study was to describe and perform an exploratory analysis of a conceptual model for task-oriented small group development. The four phases of the model were defined as: latency, adaptation, integration, and goal-attainment. To test assumptions of phasic development, data from minute-byminute observations made on 30 groups of undergraduate women were collapsed into quarters and submitted to a one-way multivariate analysis of variance for the purpose of making a priori nonorthogonal comparisons. Results from the initial a priori comparisons and subsequent data-snooping techniques did not confirm the existence of four sequential phases in group development. Results did disclose a pattern of development that began with an extended adaptation phase covering most of the first half of group interaction. Groups characteristically shifted into a partially defined integration phase where affectivity and neutrality themes appeared to follow each other. Goal-attainment themes were most prominent during the final quarter of interaction.     

A LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF BIOGRAPHICAL SUBGROUPS USING OWENS' DEVELOPMENTAL-INTEGRATIVE MODEL

The study examined the differential validity of 20 male and 14 female biographical subgroups in terms of 12 factor analyzed dimensions of postcollege experience. Owens' Developmental-Integrative Model hypothesizes that different subgroups of individuals with similar within-group early life experiences should exhibit significant differences (between-group) in a wide variety of life experiences. A sample of 1428 first-year college students were statistically grouped into 23 male and 15 female biodata subgroups after completing a standardized 118-item biodata form (Owens, 1968). Seven years later, a 97-item post-college experience inventory obtained scores for 484 of the original subjects on 12 factors of post-college behavior including job satisfaction, transition from college, personal and marital adjustment, and others. Significant univariate and multivariate differences were found between the biodata subgroups across the 7-year period. Implications for the validity of the D-I model are offered.     

DISCUSSION OF THE CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF BIOSEMIOTICS

Kalevi Kull and colleagues recently proposed eight theses as a conceptual basis for the field of biosemiotics. We use these theses as a framework for discussing important current areas of debate in biosemiotics with particular reference to the articles collected in this issue of Zygon.     

A FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF HAIR PULLING

We experimentally assessed the functions of hair pulling and hair manipulation of a 19-year-old woman (Kris) with moderate mental retardation and cerebral palsy. In Phase 1 a functional analysis revealed that Kris pulled and manipulated hair for the greatest amount of time in the alone condition, suggesting that the behaviors were maintained by some form of automatic reinforcement (Vaughan & Michael, 1982). In Phase 2 we assessed the nature of the sensory stimulation that maintained hair pulling by providing continuous access to previously pulled or cut hair and, thereafter, by having Kris wear a rubber glove. The results suggested that hair pulling was maintained by digital-tactile stimulation (automatic positive reinforcement). These findings are discussed, and recommendations for further analyses of automatically reinforced habit behaviors are provided.     

后悔的“状态改变-状态继续”效应：一个概念框架

首先回顾了假设思维及后悔研究中的实验研究和现场研究的结果及相互之间的矛盾,总结先前研究对“做/不做”这对概念的界定。再探讨“做/不做”这对概念的不足后,作者用“状态改变/状态继续”来替代“做/不做”。在“状态改变－状态继续”框架基础上将事件分为“整体事件”和“分段事件”。研究证实“做/不做”只适合于“整体事件”而不适合“分段事件”。“状态改变-状态继续”效应的提出改变了先前研究思路,并扩大了标准理论的解释能力,将“做-不做”效应和“特例－常规”效应整合成“状态改变－状态继续”效应。同时,该框架部分地解释了长期存在于实验研究与现场研究中的假设思维所表现出的差异     

A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF PRIOR CLASSROOM CONDITIONS ON PERFORMANCE UNDER ANALOGUE ANALYSIS CONDITIONS

We systematically manipulated two prior classroom conditions to explore their effects on performance under analogue assessments for a 7-year-old girl with severe intellectual disabilities who exhibited aggressive behavior. Results demonstrated consistently higher levels of aggression during demand analogue conditions when they were preceded by one of the classroom conditions.     

EFFECTS OF SELF-ESTEEM ON LENIENCY BIAS IN SELF-REPORTS OF PERFORMANCE: A STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODEL ANALYSIS

This study used structural equation model analysis to examine the relationship between self-esteem and leniency bias in self-reports of performance. The results showed that consistent with the prediction of consistency theory (e.g., Korman, 1970), leniency bias was positively correlated with self-esteem. The results also suggest that the relationship between self-esteem and leniency bias was more positive when self-ratings were made on ambiguous performance dimensions rather than on less ambiguous dimensions. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.