模糊分组的时间层次网络结构研究

本研究通过两个实验来对连续性的时间顺序标码的层次网络结构的性质进行了探讨。研究结果表明,连续性的时间顺序标码是按照层次网络的结构组织起来的,若干项目组成一个小组,若干小组组成更大的组。连续性的时间标码层次网络的形成具有自动性、内隐性的特点。连续性的时间顺序标码的层次网络结构是主观的、模糊的。两个相邻的小组的项目之间出现了距离效应,而两个相邻的大组的项目之间则出现了越界效应,由于两个大组的项目的平均距离大于两个小组的项目的平均距离,越界效应大于距离效应。     

中国成人推理月份时间的加工模型

以两个实验对中国成年人推理月份时间的加工模型进行了探索。在实验一中未发现词表模型的距隔效应和方向效应。实验二的结果表明有越界效应,被试解决月份时间顺序作业与解决数字顺序任务在操作特征上有很大的相似性。本研究的结果表明,数字模型能较好地解释中国成年人推理月份时间的认知加工,而Friedman 提出的表象一词表模型则难以作出合理的解释。     

时序信息的加工:自动还是控制

从长时记忆的角度出发,以故事的形式为实验材料,对时序信息的加工方式和通道效应进行了研究。结果表明,时序信息的加工存在视听通道效应,通道效应的机制源于记忆,且与加工方式有关。时序信息三个属性的加工方式不同：顺序属性倾向于自动加工;位置属性,就视觉信息来说倾问于自动加工,听觉在有顺序标码情况下倾向于自动加工、而在无顺序标码情况下则是一控制加工过程;间隔特性是一个控制加工过程。     

时间信息视听通道效应的实验检验

研究从时点类型、自然顺序标码、延迟时间等几个角度,对时间信息时序和时距属性的通道效应进行了实验检验。结果发现,（1）长时距信息估计仍存在通道效应;（2）延迟时间估计增加了视觉时距估计的准确性;（3）时序信息通道效应不明显;（4）顺序标码有利于听觉的时间信息加工。     

系列项目时间和空间信息学习的分组效应研究

运用顺序回忆方法考察分组对系列项目时间和空间信息学习的影响。包括两个实验,实验一考察简化时间上的分组,或事先告知被试分组规则的情况下,分组是否会有助于时间顺序信息的学习。结果发现,这两个操作对时间顺序信息学习的促进作用不显著。实验二考察了垂直维度上不同形式的分组对空间位置信息学习的影响。结果发现,不同的分组方式对空间位置信息学习所起的作用不同。本研究支持了时间和空间两类顺序信息学习的内在过程不同,不应该用同一理论机制进行解释。     

小学儿童对习俗时间的周期性特点的认知

本研究探讨了小学儿童对习俗时间周期性特点的认知发展．实验任务是让被试判断两个给定日期之间的时间距离是正向接近还是反向接近。结果表明:儿童对习俗时间的周期性特点的认知成绩随年龄增长而不断提高;随着两个日期之间距离的增大,反应时不断增加,正确率不断降低,在两个日期相互接近的方向发生改变的边界处,反应时最长,正确率最低,表现出显著的“距离效应”和“边界效应”;儿童可以利用数字系统进行判断,他们的认知加工策略包括计数、数字运算和凭借习俗时间的空间表象进行模拟加工等等。     

时间记忆层次网络模型的实验检验

实验采用分类性实验材料,使被试在对词单项目加工时形成较清晰的群集,进而形成时间组块,目的在于对时间记忆层次网络进行直接检验。其中时序判断用反时间时和正确率两种反应指标,时距估计用再现和口头估计两种方法。结果发现,时间信息记忆既存在层次网络的特征,又存在线性结构的特征。     

时间隐喻的语义层次网络模型研究

本研究采用启动技术考查了上级时间隐喻对下级时间隐喻的启动效应。结果发现不管是在反应时还是在意义相关程度的评定上。时间根概念隐喻的启动效应明显次于基本概念隐喻的启动效应。而基本概念隐喻的启动效应又明显低于派生隐喻的启动效应。这验证了时间隐喻的语义层次网络模型。     

不充裕加工时间对高于平均效应和低于平均效应的影响

本研究以不充裕加工时间为条件,结果在先、后指定两种范式中都出现了显著的高于平均效应和低于平均效应。先指定范式在不充裕加工时间下,被试采用和折中标准相比的策略;后指定范式无论加工时间充裕与否,被试都采用和折中标准相比的策略。研究结果支持将目标和折中标准相比是高于平均效应和低于平均效应产生的原因。     

汉字字组时间顺序的内隐记忆研究

采用再认与偏好测验的内隐记忆方法,以文字相同而字序不同的三类汉字字组为刺激材料,对汉字字组进行启动效应的实验研究,探讨汉字字组内隐的时间顺序表征存在的可能性及其加工特点。结果表明：汉字字组中字与字之间存在内隐的时间顺序表征,这种内隐的时间顺序表征是对刺激项目知觉特征中时间维度的一种反映,受知觉表征系统支配,具有自动加工和提取的特点。     

The hierarchical order of processes underlying the direction illusion and the direction aftereffect

Motion perception involves the processing of velocity signals through several hierarchical stages of the visual cortex. To better understand this process, a number of studies have sought to localise the neural substrates of two misperceptions of motion direction, the direction illusion (DI) and the direction aftereffect (DAE). These studies have produced contradictory evidence as to the hierarchical order of the processing stages from which the respective phenomena arise. We have used a simple stimulus configuration to further investigate the sequential order of processes giving rise to the DI and DAE. To this end, we measured the two phenomena invoked in combination, and also manually parsed this combined effect into its two constituents by measuring the two phenomena individually in both possible sequential orders. Comparing the predictions made from each order to the outcome from the combined effect allowed us to test the tenability of two models: the DAE-first model and the DI-first model. Our results indicate that DAE-invoking activity does not occur earlier in the motion processing hierarchy than DI-invoking activity. Although the DI-first model is not inconsistent with our data, the possible involvement of non-sequential processing may be better able to reconcile these results with those of previous studies.     

Choosing words at the study phase: The self‐choice effect on memory from the viewpoint of connective processing1

Abstract: The self‐choice effect, that is the superior memory performance observed when participants are allowed to choose the item at the study phase than when they are not (lack of choice), has been explained by the encoding‐strategy hypothesis ( Takahashi, 1997 ). This hypothesis distinguishes between organizational processing, which focuses upon the relationship between chosen items, and item‐speci?c processing, which itself focuses on the elements that make the chosen item distinctive. The encoding‐strategy hypothesis predicts that the ability for the successive recall of chosen items can be affected by organized list (Experiment 1). The results of our experiments ran counter to the prediction and were interpreted by a new concept called connective processing, which would emphasize the relationship of paired items. Connective processing was examined through orienting tasks (Experiment 2). The results were more suitably interpreted by connective than organizational processing.     

Performance on auditory and visual temporal information processing is related to psychometric intelligence

The present study investigated the relationship between psychometric intelligence and temporal resolution power (TRP) as simultaneously assessed by auditory and visual psychophysical timing tasks. In addition, three different theoretical models of the functional relationship between TRP and psychometric intelligence as assessed by means of the Adaptive Matrices Test (AMT) were developed. To test the validity of these models, structural equation modeling was applied. Empirical data supported a hierarchical model that assumed auditory and visual modality-specific temporal processing at a first level and amodal temporal processing at a second level. This second-order latent variable was substantially correlated with psychometric intelligence. Therefore, the relationship between psychometric intelligence and psychophysical timing performance can be explained best by a hierarchical model of temporal information processing.     

Sequential dynamics in visual short-term memory

Visual short-term memory (VSTM) is thought to help bridge across changes in visual input, and yet many studies of VSTM employ static displays. Here we investigate how VSTM copes with sequential input. In particular, we characterize the temporal dynamics of several different components of VSTM performance, including: storage probability, precision, variability in precision, guessing, and swapping. We used a variant of the continuous-report VSTM task developed for static displays, quantifying the contribution of each component with statistical likelihood estimation, as a function of serial position and set size. In Experiments 1 and 2, storage probability did not vary by serial position for small set sizes, but showed a small primacy effect and a robust recency effect for larger set sizes; precision did not vary by serial position or set size. In Experiment 3, the recency effect was shown to reflect an increased likelihood of swapping out items from earlier serial positions and swapping in later items, rather than an increased rate of guessing for earlier items. Indeed, a model that incorporated responding to non-targets provided a better fit to these data than alternative models that did not allow for swapping or that tried to account for variable precision. These findings suggest that VSTM is updated in a first-in-first-out manner, and they bring VSTM research into closer alignment with classical working memory research that focuses on sequential behavior and interference effects.     

Memory retrieval tasks determine the serial position curves of linear orders with categorical structures

I examined 2 different views on organization of linear order information in memory: the linear schema view and the hierarchical structure view. The linear schema view holds that there is a strong tendency in memory to organize an array of transitively related elements into a unidimensional order. The hierarchical structure view maintains that the transitively related elements are organized in memory in a hierarchy of items. I proposed an input structure and retrieval compatibility hypothesis as a coherent explanation for the contradictory views on the memory organization of serial elements. I argue that the organization of linear order information in memory is determined by the nature of the memory retrieval task used. For example, a comparative judgment task is more compatible with a unidimensional structure, whereas a sequential recall or serial position identification task is more compatible with a hierarchical organization. The input structure and retrieval compatibility concept can also explain why dichotomous categories imposed on a linear order play very little role in comparative judgments.     

Detection of temporal gaps within and between perceptual tonal groups

Two experiments were conducted to explore the hypothesis that tones widely separated in frequency are processed in separate communication channels. Listeners attempted to detect brief temporal gaps between items in a simple tonal sequence of two high tones followed by two low tones. Temporal resolution within both the high and low groups was near perfect; between-group detection scores were significantly lower. Results are interpreted as evidence for a processing time delay when shifts of focal attention occur between perceptual structures organized within the frequency domain.     

Mental representations for musical meter

Investigations of the psychological representation for musical meter provided evidence for an internalized hierarchy from 3 sources: frequency distributions in musical compositions, goodness-of-fit judgments of temporal patterns in metrical contexts, and memory confusions in discrimination judgments. The frequency with which musical events occurred in different temporal locations differentiates one meter from another and coincides with music-theoretic predictions of accent placement. Goodness-of-fit judgments for events presented in metrical contexts indicated a multileveled hierarchy of relative accent strength, with finer differentiation among hierarchical levels by musically experienced than inexperienced listeners. Memory confusions of temporal patterns in a discrimination task were characterized by the same hierarchy of inferred accent strength. These findings suggest mental representations for structural regularities underlying musical meter that influence perceiving, remembering, and composing music.     

不同时间关注点下的空间-时间联合编码效应

摘 要 本研究旨在探讨时间关注特征对空间-时间反应编码联合效应的影响。采用时间关注点量表将有效被试分为关注过去组和关注未来组,进行反应区分实验。实验代表过去或未来的时间词作为启动刺激,要求被试判断的目标刺激是随后出现在屏幕左或右侧的圆点。结果发现,关注过去的个体对“左/过去词”的反应更快,关注未来的个体对“右/未来词”反应更快。表明时间关注点影响人们的空间-时间联合编码效应,不同的时间关注点产生人们对于过去和未来时间在注意分配上的差异,从而表现出不同的空间表征方式,在“左-右”水平轴上验证了时间关注点假设。