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This study examined the effects of sibship size and birth order on episodic memory performance in adulthood and old age. Participants
were 1,141 healthy individuals aged 35–80 years, who took part in a longitudinal project on age, health, and memory. Episodic
memory measurements over a 5-year interval included tests of recognition (recognition of faces, family names, first names,
and nouns) and tests of recall (free recall of sentences, free recall and cued recall of nouns, and recall of activities).
Results showed significant effects for both recall and recognition, that is, the smaller the sibship size is for an individual
and the earlier born, the better memory performance. These results demonstrate that the effects of sibship size and birth
order previously shown in children and adolescents (Belmont and Marolla, Science 182:1096–1101, 1973; Zajonc and Markus, Psych
Rev 82:74–88, 1975; Zajonc, Am Psychol 56:490–496, 2001) are robust over time and hold over a large adult range. 相似文献
3.
Cues that chimpanzees do and do not use to find hidden objects 总被引:7,自引:7,他引:0
Chimpanzees follow conspecific and human gaze direction reliably in some situations, but very few chimpanzees reliably use
gaze direction or other communicative signals to locate hidden food in the object-choice task. Three studies aimed at exploring
factors that affect chimpanzee performance in this task are reported. In the first study, vocalizations and other noises facilitated
the performance of some chimpanzees (only a minority). In the second study, various behavioral cues were given in which a
human experimenter either touched, approached, or actually lifted and looked under the container where the food was hidden.
Each of these cues led to enhanced performance for only a very few individuals. In the third study – a replication with some
methodological improvements of a previous experiment – chimpanzees were confronted with two experimenters giving conflicting
cues about the location of the hidden food, with one of them (the knower) having witnessed the hiding process and the other
(the guesser) not. In the crucial test in which a third experimenter did the hiding, no chimpanzee found the food at above
chance levels. Overall, in all three studies, by far the best performers were two individuals who had been raised in infancy
by humans. It thus seems that while chimpanzees are very good at “behavior reading” of various sorts, including gaze following,
they do not understand the communicative intentions (informative intentions) behind the looking and gesturing of others –
with the possible exception of enculturated chimpanzees, who still do not understand the differential significance of looking
and gesturing done by people who have different knowledge about states of affairs in the world.
Received: 8 November 1999 / Accepted after revision: 24 January 2000 相似文献
4.
Ravizza S 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2003,10(3):610-615
The production of meaningful gestures has been claimed to enhance lexical access. However, the possibility that meaningless
movements also improve retrieval has been largely ignored despite evidence that all types of movements increase with dysfluency.
To examine this issue, we conducted two experiments to determine whether movements in general would improve lexical access
in a tip–of–thetongue (TOT) paradigm. TOT states were induced by presenting definitions of rare words that participants were
then asked to recall. Participants who were required to tap at their own pace while retrieving words obtained significantly
higher resolution rates than those who were immobile. Thus, movement does not have to be semantically related to the lexical
item in order to aid in retrieval. However, tapping did not improve lexical access in all retrieval tasks. In a lexical retrieval
task that relied more on executive abilities (letter fluency), participants who tapped retrieved fewer words than those who
were immobile. The fact that movement enhanced lexical access only when retrieval depended on the automatic spread of activation
suggests that facilitation may occur because of the activation of neural areas common to both speech and movement. 相似文献
5.
Crone EA Zanolie K Van Leijenhorst L Westenberg PM Rombouts SA 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2008,8(2):165-177
Feedback processing is crucial for successful performance adjustment following changing task demands. The present event-related
fMRI study was aimed at investigating the developmental differences in brain regions associated with different aspects of
feedback processing. Children age 8–11, adolescents age 14–15, and adults age 18–24 performed a rule switch task resembling
the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, and analyses focused on different types of negative and positive feedback. All age groups
showed more activation in lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
(DLPFC), and superior parietal cortex following negative relative to positive performance feedback, but the regions contributed
to different aspects of feedback processing and had separable developmental trajectories. OFC was adultlike by age 8–11, whereas
parietal cortex was adultlike by age 14–15. DLPFC and ACC, in contrast, were still developing after age 14–15. These findings
demonstrate that changes in separable neural systems underlie developmental differences in flexible performance adjustment.
Supplementary data from this study are available online at the Psychonomic Society Archive of Norms, Stimuli, and Data, atwww.psychonomic.org/archive. 相似文献
6.
María del Carmen Triana 《Journal of business and psychology》2011,26(1):71-86
The purpose of this study was to investigate how gender role incongruence in terms of women being primary wage earners and
males being secondary wage earners in their families could affect them at work. Using an experimental design and a sample
of 306 college students, I explored how females who are the primary wage earners in their families and males who are the secondary
wage earners are perceived and evaluated in a work setting. I proposed, and found, that female primary wage earners are seen
as the least overqualified and are given lower reward recommendations than equally qualified male peers (i.e., peers with
exactly the same credentials and job performance). Male secondary wage earners are seen as being the most overqualified and
are given higher reward recommendations than equally qualified female peers. Results demonstrate how the lack of fit model,
which has been shown to penalize women who succeed in traditionally masculine domains (Dipboye, Acad Manag Rev 10:16–127,
1985; Heilman, Res Organ Behav 5:269–298, 1983, J Soc Issues 57:657–674, 2001), can be applied to situations where gender-incongruent behavior exists in the form of women being primary wage earners in
their families. I refer to this phenomenon as “home-related spillover discrimination,” named after the spillover effects that
derive from societal expectations that are transferred into employment situations (Nieva and Gutek, Acad Manag Rev 5:267–276,
1980). The practical implication of this finding is that this may present a new form of sex discrimination against women that
has not yet been considered. This is the first study to show how violating stereotypical roles in terms of family wage earner
status can influence outcomes in work settings. 相似文献
7.
Jussi Backman 《Continental Philosophy Review》2005,38(3-4):241-261
The paper discusses Heidegger's early notion of the “movedness of life” (Lebensbewegtheit) and its intimate connection with Aristotle's concept of movement (kinēsis). Heidegger's aim in the period of Being and Time was to “overcome” the Greek ideal of being as ousia – constant and complete presence and availability – by showing that the background for all meaningful presence is Dasein, the ecstatically temporal context of human being. Life as the event of finitude is characterized by an essential lack and incompleteness, and the living present therefore gains meaning only in relation to a horizon of un-presence and un-availability. Whereas the “theological” culmination of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics finds the supreme fulfillment of human life in the semi-divine self-immanence and self-sufficiency of the bios theōrētikos, a radical Heideggerian interpretation of kinēsis may permit us to find in Aristotle the fundamental structures of mortal living as self-transcendent movement. 相似文献
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Previous research on gaze behaviour in sport has typically reported summary fixation statistics thereby largely ignoring the
temporal sequencing of gaze. In the present study on penalty kicking in soccer, our aim was to apply a Markov chain modelling
method to eye movement data obtained from goalkeepers. Building on the discrete analysis of gaze employed by Dicks et al.
(Atten Percept Psychophys 72(3):706–720, 2010b), we wanted to statistically model the relative probabilities of the goalkeeper’s gaze being directed to different locations
throughout the penalty taker’s approach (Dicks et al. in Atten Percept Psychophys 72(3):706–720, 2010b). Examination of gaze behaviours under in situ and video-simulation task constraints reveals differences in information pickup
for perception and action (Attention, Perception and Psychophysics 72(3), 706–720). The probabilities of fixating anatomical
locations of the penalty taker were high under simulated movement response conditions. In contrast, when actually required
to intercept kicks, the goalkeepers initially favoured watching the penalty taker’s head but then rapidly shifted focus directly
to the ball for approximately the final second prior to foot-ball contact. The increased spatio-temporal demands of in situ
interceptive actions over laboratory-based simulated actions lead to different visual search strategies being used. When eye
movement data are modelled as time series, it is possible to discern subtle but important behavioural characteristics that
are less apparent with discrete summary statistics alone. 相似文献
10.
Elliott EM Cherry KE Brown JS Smitherman EA Jazwinski SM Yu Q Volaufova J 《Memory & cognition》2011,39(8):1423-1434
In the present study, we examined adult age differences in short-term and working memory performance in middle-aged (45–64 years),
young–old (65–74 years), old–old (75–89 years), and oldest–old adults (90 years and over) in the Louisiana Healthy Aging Study.
Previous research suggests that measures of working memory are more sensitive to age effects than are simple tests of short-term
memory Bopp and Verhaeghen (Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 60:223–233, 2005), Myerson, Emery, White, and Hale, (Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition 10:20–27, 2003). To test this hypothesis, we examined output serial position curves of recall data from three span tasks: forward and backward
digit span and size judgment span. Participants’ recall patterns in the size judgment span task revealed that the two oldest
groups of adults showed the largest decreases in recall performance across output serial positions, but did not differ significantly
from each other. Correlation analyses indicated the strongest negative correlation with age occurred with the size judgment
span task. Implications of these findings for understanding strategic processing abilities in late life are discussed. 相似文献
11.
Gary L. St. C. Oates 《Social Psychology of Education》2009,12(4):415-441
The viability of five prominent explanations for the black–white performance gap (“academic engagement,” “cultural capital,”
“social capital,” “school quality” and “biased treatment”) is examined using NELS data and a LISREL model that adjusts for
clustering of students within schools. Empirical models have typically assessed these factors individually—a practice that probably fosters overestimation of their explanatory power. School quality and biased treatment emerge as
the primary explanations for black–white high school test performance differentials. Access to better-quality schools and
receipt of more stimulating interpersonal “signals” from gatekeepers ensue from racial (and socioeconomic) privilege. Enhanced
test performance in turn ensues from these resources. In essence, the explanations for the racial gap that place more emphasis
on what black and white students “bring to” high school (i.e., specific levels of engagement, cultural and social capital),
seem less consequential to performance differentials than “what happens to” them when they get there (i.e., quality of education
provided, and race-contingent treatment received). 相似文献
12.
Curtis Hart 《Journal of religion and health》2006,45(4):471-476
This paper—originally a sermon––addresses issues involved with nuclear idolatry from a biblical perspective. It utilizes psychological
understanding and historical narrative as a context for theological reflection. It thus places depth psychological insight
in service of social ethics. It was delivered at the Church of the Epiphany, Manhattan, New York, on August 14, 2005.
The Rev. Curtis Hart, M.Div, is Director of Pastoral Care and Education, and Lecturer in Public Health, Medicine,and Psychiatry,
Division of Medical Ethics, at the Weill Cornell Center of New York Presbyterian Hospital in New York City. 相似文献
13.
This paper describes a combined instrument (eye tracker and target generator, both head mounted, with integrated data analysis) that tests parameters of saccadic eye movement and fixation control to give insight into the status of functional brain systems. Using three minilasers, the target generator projects three visual stimuli, a fixation point and two lateral stimuli, with programmable timing. The controller allows the selection of overlap, 200-msec gap, or remembered saccade trials. Size, maximal velocity, and reaction time are determined for each primary saccade. The number of prosaccades and antisaccades are counted. More saccades—for example, the occurrence and latency of corrective saccades—may be evaluated off line by an interactive PC analysis program. The eye position data can be transferred to a PC. Off-line analysis compares each observed variable relative to an age-matched control group (300 healthy control subjects 7–70 years of age, tested in the overlap condition with prosaccade instructions and in the gap condition with antisaccades). The diagnostic results can be used to elaborate an individual optomotor training program. 相似文献
14.
Fundamental Movement Skills and Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Peer Comparisons and Stimulant Effects 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Harvey WJ Reid G Grizenko N Mbekou V Ter-Stepanian M Joober R 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2007,35(5):871-882
The purpose of this study was to compare the fundamental movement skills of 22 children with attention-deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD), from 6 to 12 years of age, to gender- and age-matched peers without ADHD and assess the effects of stimulant
medication on the movement skill performance of the children with ADHD. Repeated measures analyses revealed significant skill
differences between children with and without ADHD (p ≤ 0.001). Results from the stimulant medication trials indicated no significant effect of medication on the movement skill
patterns of children with ADHD. It is concluded that children with ADHD may be at risk for developmental delays in movement
skill performance. Potential factors underlying the movement skill difficulties are discussed, with suggestions for future
research. 相似文献
15.
Hadi Hassankhani Fariba Taleghani Jane Mills Melanie Birks Karen Francis Fazlolah Ahmadi 《Journal of religion and health》2010,49(3):311-321
There is a substantial number of Iranian war veterans, exposed to sulfur mustard, who suffer from serious long term progressive
health problems involving their respiratory organs, eyes, and skin. Little is known, however, about these casualties’ experiences
of living with the consequences of sulfur mustard poisoning. This qualitative study aims to provide greater insight into how
war veterans live with the consequences of the poisoning and involved 17 Iranian war veterans who had been poisoned by sulfur
mustard during the Iran–Iraq conflict. Each participant was interviewed using a semi-structured interview schedule and the
data generated through this process was analyzed using constant comparative data analysis technique. Data analysis resulted
in “religious beliefs and practices” as a main category, which included two sub-categories: religious value centered life
and religious support. Findings suggest that religious belief assists veterans to accept the impact of poisoning on their
lives and adapt their lifestyles accordingly, to participate in religious social activities and feel socially supported, and
to be hopeful about the future and live their lives as fully as possible. 相似文献
16.
The view that successful memory performance depends importantly on the extent to which there is a match between the encoding
and retrieval conditions is commonplace in memory research. However, Nairne (Memory, 10, 389–395, 2002) proposed that this idea about trace–cue compatibility being the driving force behind memory retention is a myth, because
one cannot make unequivocal predictions about performance by appealing to the encoding–retrieval match. What matters instead
is the relative diagnostic value of the match, and not the absolute match. Three experiments were carried out in which participants
memorised word pairs and tried to recall target words when given retrieval cues. The diagnostic value of the cue was varied
by manipulating the extent to which the cues subsumed other memorised words and the level of the encoding–retrieval match.
The results supported Nairne’s (Memory, 10, 389–395, 2002) assertion that the diagnostic value of retrieval cues is a better predictor of memory performance than the absolute encoding–retrieval
match. 相似文献
17.
Jiyuan Yu 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2008,3(3):317-334
In 1958, a group of New-Confucians issued “A Manifesto for a Re-Appraisal of Sinology and Reconstruction of Chinese Culture.”
Equally in 1958, the British philosopher Elizabeth Anscombe published her classical paper “Modern Moral Philosophy.” These
two papers have the same target — modern Western morality — and the solutions they proposed respectively. Yet Anscombe’s paper
did not mention Confucianism, and the “Manifesto” ignored Aristotelian tradition of virtue. Furthermore, from 1960s to 1990s,
the revival movement of Confucianism and the revival movement of Aristotelian ethics have not had much dialogue. This paper
seeks to explain this phenomenon by comparing these two historically important documents. In particular it tries to understand
why the “Manifesto” fails to see the similarities between Aristotle and Confucius.
Translated by Lei Yongqiang and polished by Yu Jiyuan from Shandong Daxue Xuebao 山东大学学报 (Journal of Shandong University), 2007, (1): 1–9 相似文献
18.
Kristi D. Wright Daniel A. Waschbusch Bradley W. Frankland 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2007,29(3):141-148
This study examined different methods of combining data from a well established rating scale – the Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Rating Scale (DBDRS) – with data from a well established interview – the computerized self report version of the Diagnostic
Interview Schedule for Children for DSM-IV (P-DISC-IV) – when examining parent report of ADHD. These measures were completed
for 80 children who participated in a summer camp for children with disruptive behavior. Results showed significant overlap
between the two diagnostic measures but parent report on the DBDRS was more highly associated with children’s camp behaviors
than was parent report on the P-DISC-IV. In addition, combining ratings and interview data using an “either/or” rule was more
highly associated with camp behavior than was combining data using a “both/and” rule. Results suggest there may be little
additional value of adding data from parent self-report on the computerized version of the P-DISC-IV to behavior rating data. 相似文献
19.
Priming insight in groups: Facilitating and inhibiting solving an ambiguously worded insight problem
We extend research on the priming of insight by studying group problem solving. Groups of 2–4 participants tried to solve
an ambiguously worded problem in the presence of a prime that reinforced the dominant but incorrect interpretation of the
problem, a prime that reinforced the uncommon but correct interpretation, or no prime. The paradigm involved participants
asking questions of the experimenter that could only be answered “yes” or “no.” In Experiment 1, the prime was present throughout
the solving period; in Experiment 2, it was removed prior to the solving period. In both experiments, the primes had their
predicted effects. Patterns in the time taken to solve the problem supported the idea that groups stuck at the impasse were
more or less able to restructure the problem, depending on the environmental context. Data from the questions asked and questionnaires
converged with time taken to solve the problem, consistent with the view that restructuring a problem is an automatic process
that produces insight. A comparison of the group data in Experiment 1 with individually tested participants’ data revealed
that the insight of the groups benefited from their being able to recognize lines of questions to follow, to listen to answers
to questions asked, and to evaluate and reject errors or assumptions. 相似文献
20.
Hypothesis-testing performance on Wason’s (Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 12:129–140, 1960) 2–4–6 task is typically poor, with only around 20% of participants announcing the to-be-discovered “ascending numbers” rule
on their first attempt. Enhanced solution rates can, however, readily be observed with dual-goal (DG) task variants requiring
the discovery of two complementary rules, one labeled “DAX” (the standard “ascending numbers” rule) and the other labeled
“MED” (“any other number triples”). Two DG experiments are reported in which we manipulated the usefulness of a presented MED exemplar, where usefulness denotes cues that can establish a helpful “contrast class” that can stand in opposition to the presented 2–4–6 DAX exemplar.
The usefulness of MED exemplars had a striking facilitatory effect on DAX rule discovery, which supports the importance of
contrast-class information in hypothesis testing. A third experiment ruled out the possibility that the useful MED triple
seeded the correct rule from the outset and obviated any need for hypothesis testing. We propose that an extension of Oaksford
and Chater’s (European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 6:149–169, 1994) iterative counterfactual model can neatly capture the mechanisms by which DG facilitation arises. 相似文献