Représentations des compétences,une approche psychosociale

This paper presents studies conducted within the framework of social psychological theories and bearing on representations of competences (RC). The purpose is to demonstrate the social anchoring of such representations. We describe several processes that vary according to the type of occupation, organizational rationalities and intergroup relations. Study 1 shows that trainers and psychologists differ in the way they conceive the competences of unemployed people. Study 2 suggests that RC are tied with status and power games within organizations. Study set 3 shows that variations in representations of ingroup/outgroup competences can be explained by intergroup relations and identity phenomena. Theoretical and practical implications in the area of work and organizational psychology are discussed.     

Prévalence,corrélats et traitements des cauchemars chez les enfants

Few studies have been conducted on nightmares in children. This article presents a review of the literature on the prevalence, correlates and treatment of nightmares while highlighting key methodological issues. Studies indicate that almost half of children experience nightmares and that the presence of nightmares is related to different variables including anxiety, stress, behavioral problems and other sleep disorders. Finally, there is very little information on the treatment of nightmares in children, but promising results have been obtained with techniques based on imagery rehearsal therapy. Based on this review, future directions for research are suggested.     

Rééducation des compétences socio-émotionnelles pour des adultes présentant une déficience intellectuelle

IntroductionThe aim of the present study was to improve socio-emotional skills in adults with intellectual disability (ID) in order to remediate their social behavior difficulties.MethodThe socio-emotional skills reeducation program (Barisnikov, 2007) was proposed to 17 ID adults. Participants’ socio-emotional skills were assessed in pre- and post-reeducation period using tasks from the “Socio-Cognitive and Emotional Battery” (Barisnikov & Hippolyte, 2011).ResultsPost-reeducation assessment showed that the performance of participants was significantly improved on both “Emotion Attribution Task” and “Social Resolution task”. The significant reduction in their behavioral problems was also observed. These results demonstrated that the improvements were not limited to participants’ socio-emotional processing abilities but were also generalized to their daily functioning.ConclusionThe program provides an interesting tool to improve socio-emotional processing abilities and social behavior in adults with ID.     

L’évolution des normes face au développement des objets de santé connectés

A lot of connected objects can be sold on the Internet and in some general stores. These products can be used in a health environment; they can help to promote a healthy lifestyle. But they do not always have a well determined legal status, that is established to protect the patients or the healthcare professionals. The connected objects can support innovation. They can become an essential help for the patients and the healthcare professionals, nevertheless they can be at the origin of physical injuries, if they are badly used.     

Évolution des procédures d’exploration haptique chez des sujets voyants,aveugles tardifs et aveugles précoces

The aim of this research is to study the evolution of exploratory haptic procedures with different subjects (blindfolded, early and late blind subjects). Can a haptic training facilitate an emergence of particular and specific processes? A recognition task of bidimensional geometrical figures is proposed before and after a haptic training. Results show that when the criterion of differentiation of geometrical figures is discovered, subjects look for more details and compare more often figures between them. Otherwise, while sighted subjects use all exploratory procedures, blind subjects adopt preferably more metric procedures. However, a training effect is observed in sighted subjects with a decrease of less relevant procedures. Applications of this research could be developed in haptic therapy by proposing different training according to visual status.     

Étude de la représentation sociale du droit chez des enseignants,des juristes et des collégiens de classe de troisième : un préalable à l’éducation civique,juridique et sociale au lycée

For a few years civic education has been present at all the levels of the school. Legal and social civic education in college particularly takes support on legal contents. This teaching is entrusted to the teachers but the intervention of professionals of the law to support the teaching action is necessary. The study of the social representations of the “Law” of three populations, the pupils of third class, the teachers and the lawyers, shows however that those represent the social object “Law” differently. Consequently the communication between these groups could be proved to be unfruitful.     

Le dégoût dans le trouble obsessionnel compulsif,mécanismes, évaluation,implications pour des pistes thérapeutiques

IntroductionAlthough considered a basic emotion, disgust has received little attention from research from the psychology of emotions compared to other emotions such as fear or sadness.Literature findingsMany empirical and experimental data suggest, however, that disgust plays a determining role not only in our ability to adapt to our environment but also in the maintenance and development of certain psychopathological states such as obsessive-compulsive disorders. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the construct of disgust, including its two basic dimensions of disgust and disgust. A first part will be dedicated to the acquisition of disgust in the framework of evaluative and Pavlovian learning, we will then describe in detail the assessment tools available in the literature allowing to evaluate the different dimensions, then we will address the continuum. Experience of disgust, from normal disgust to pathological disgust, and will particularly target its role in dysfunctional obsessions of contamination and emotional distress.DiscussionIf, from a theoretical point of view, the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of pathological disgust reactions improves, the proposals for treatment to mitigate these reactions are rare. New approaches to care will be described to allow the development of empirically based psychological interventions.ConclusionThe recognition of emotional influences beyond anxiety in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) stems from the fundamental importance of a dimensional approach to psychopathology and support. The accumulated data suggest that the inclusion of disgust in the theoretical models of OCD, in particular those with contamination concern, will thus improve our understanding and treatment of this disorder.     

Critique,rhétoricité, communicabilité

La critique et la théorie littéraires contemporaines présentent un paradoxe: elles notent, par la référence à la rhétorique, la rupture de la propriété argumentative ou persuasive de l'oeuvre; elles préservent cependant l'hypothèse d'une propriété conversationnelle du littéraire — hypothèse qui n'est pas véritablement explicitée. Ce paradoxe, essentiellement lisible dans la déconstruction, l'est aussi dans les propositions de Sartre, dans la pensée du dehors de Foucault, dans le dialogisme de Bakhtine. Le paradoxe revient, de fait — telle est la thèse de cet article — à énoncer une propriété rhétorique et persuasive de l'oeuvre, au moyen d'une référence à la rhétorique d'abord confondue avec la tropologie et avec l'effacement du jeu persuasif. Cette ultime propriété rhétorique et persuasive est identifiable par l'alliance de lasuspension, qui caractérise le texte littéraire dès lors qu'il est placé sous le signe de la rupture de l'argument et de la persuasion, et du jeu anaphorique, lui-même indissociable du questionnement que suscite la suspension. A partir du constat de ce questionnement, il convient de dire que le texte littéraire est ce qui fait fond à la disparité du doxique, et que celui-ci apparaît comme le répondant provisiore et variable de lacasuistique que constitue le texte littéraire.