The mitigating role of leader‒member exchange when perceiving psychological contract violation: a diary survey study among volunteers

Several scholars in the field of volunteering emphasized the pivotal role of psychological contract (PC) violation in explaining maladaptive behavioural reactions—such as counterproductive work behaviour (CWB)—of volunteers. Reactions to violation feelings are, however, interrelated and may intensify over time. Extending this dynamic perspective, we introduce momentary leader–member exchange (LMX) as a buffering social resource in the relationship between violation feelings and (1) CWB and (2) the likelihood to perceive a PC breach. Using weekly diary survey data from 247 volunteers (827 observations), we conducted a moderated multilevel zero-inflated Poisson regression analysis. As hypothesized, experiencing feelings of violation during one week related positively to CWB towards the organization (CWB-O), but not to CWB towards individuals (CWB-I) during the next week. Moreover, experiencing violation feelings during one week increased the likelihood to perceive a PC breach during the subsequent week. Finally, experiencing a high-quality LMX relationship effectively mitigated the positive relationship between violation feelings during one week and (1) CWB-O, and (2) the likelihood to perceive a PC breach during the next week. Our study highlights momentary LMX as an effective redressing mechanism in the relationship between violation feelings and undesirable employee outcomes.     

“增益”还是“损耗”？挑战性工作要求对工作-家庭增益的“双刃剑”影响

基于资源保存理论和不确定管理理论,采用日记研究法收集81个样本10个工作日的数据,从静态和动态两个视角,通过明晰挑战性工作要求的不同属性(每日水平、平均水平、日间变动、波动变化),全面检验了挑战性工作要求对工作-家庭增益的影响。研究结果表明：(1)在静态模型中,挑战性工作要求通过工作专注度(增益路径)和放松(损耗路径)作用于工作-家庭增益,且在个体间的平均水平模型中,放松的中介作用更为显著;(2)在动态模型中,挑战性工作要求的日间变动和波动变化,均通过减少员工工作专注度和放松,进而降低工作-家庭增益。最后,本研究讨论了管理者应重视挑战性工作要求的双刃剑作用等实践启示。     

基于动态评估的取样法:经验取样法

研究结果的普适性是心理学研究的黄金标准之一.为达到此目标,研究者不断创造生态效度更高,也更具现实意义的研究方法.通过在现实情境下对被试多次重复测量进行数据收集的研究方法——经验取样法(experience sampling method),一经提出就备受研究者的青睐.文章在综合介绍经验取样法的概念、实施过程和数据处理的基础上,比较和阐述了该方法的优劣势,以及该方法的主要应用领域.文章最后对经验取样法的应用领域和未来发展作了展望.     

Positive Emotional Experiences in Scottish and Italian Young Adults: a Diary Study

This research focused on the nature and frequency of positive emotion in a sample of Scottish and Italian young adults and is part of larger scale on-going cross-cultural studies on positive emotion, well-being and happiness. A total of 1043 positive incidents were collected from 157 students who completed diaries in the two countries. Positive incidents were frequent in the course of daily life and were triggered by a wide variety of personal, social and environmental antecedents. Although each culture had a very similar life-satisfaction rating some cultural differences in the phenomenology of positive incidents and their emotions still emerged. As hypothesised Italian and Scottish cultures differed in the domain of independence and interdependence. Italians reported more social interactions involving talking with another and intimacy with a significant other. The Scots, in contrast, reported positive feelings associated with relaxation and being alone as frequently as other social categories, thus exemplifying independence. Recording positive incidents, as they occur moment to moment deconstructs the global and retrospective study of subjective well-being and happiness and fulfills the necessity for ecologically valid research.     

日常情绪的社会分享对情绪的影响

日常情绪的社会分享对情绪有怎样的影响,以往研究结论并不一致。本研究从社会分享的信息层面和感受层面以及当天情绪体验等方面收集了47名大学生和研究生被试7天共314份日志记录,使用多层线性模型进行分析,结果表明：（1）积极分享和消极分享都能显著正向预测当日的积极情绪,但是不能预测当日的消极情绪;（2）感受的分享（包括积极感受和消极感受）显著正向预测当日的积极情绪,信息的分享不能预测当日的积极情绪;（3）性别、抑郁水平和消极事件分享倾向会影响分享消极感受的水平对积极情绪的正向预测。结论：无论是积极感受分享还是消极感受分享都能提升积极情绪,但是不能改善负性情绪;消极感受分享对积极情绪的提升作用存在个体差异。