华人人际关系的概念化——针对中国香港大学生的实证研究

以杨中芳所构建的华人人际关系概念化理论模型为蓝本,并用以往的实证研究方法为基础,揭示了当代华人对人际关系如何进行概念化及其潜在的认知维度。杨氏模型认为华人人际关系主要由既定成分、情感成分和工具成分组成。该研究以中国香港大学生为被试进行调查,首先采用访谈的形式,分家族、学校及日常生活情境建立人际关系清单。然后采用多维量法（Multi-dimensional scaling）处理被试对关系进行分类的数据。结果发现,在不同的生活情境中,被试均依据情感程度对关系进行分类。在等级差异明显的家族和学校情境中,被试依据辈份和等级差异的突显性进行区分;而在等级差异小的生活情境中,则采用功利程度为标准。本文对被试在不同情境中所采用的不同维度进行了讨论,并提出华人人际关系的义务具有工具性质的实证结果     

儿童社会关系概念结构的特点与发展

以四、六、八年级儿童为被试,采用自然分类和多维尺度法,对儿童社会关系概念结构的特点及其发展予以考察。结果表明:(1)对于不同情境中的社会关系,儿童的概念结构既有相通之处又有不同之处:家族社会关系中表现出辈份、性别、姻亲、情感四个维度;学校社会关系中表现出等级、关系亲近性(情感)两个维度;同龄人社会关系中表现出情境、关系亲近性(情感)两个维度。(2)儿童对学校社会关系以及同龄人关系的概念结构都没有表现出明显的年龄差异。但是在家族社会关系的概念结构上,不同年龄儿童的表现有所不同:四年级儿童中存在性别维度,不存在情感维度;六、八年级儿童中存在姻亲维度和情感维度。     

网络与现实:人际关系的质量差异

研究探讨网络与现实人际关系质量的差异。实验一考察匿名下被试在网络与现实中自我表露水平;实验二考察被试在网络和现实情境中对他人人格品质的评价;实验三使用内隐联想测验探讨被试对网络维持不同亲疏关系的态度。结果:(1)匿名下被试在现实中更多表露自我;(2)被试对现实他人的品质有更积极的评价,同时交友意愿更强;(3)无论亲疏关系,被试对网络维持人际关系持否定态度。结论:现实人际关系质量优于网络人际关系。     

情境对序数的空间表征之影响

通过设置垂直维度上不同的情境,本研究采用“奇偶判断任务”探讨了情境对序数空间表征的影响。结果发现,只有序数的情况下,被试对小数的上键反应或下键反应、对大数的上键反应或下键反应都没有显著差异;在楼层情境下,被试对小数的下键反应更快,对大数的上键反应更快;在家谱情境下,被试对小数的上键反应更快,对大数的下键反应更快。以上结果表明,垂直维度上序数的空间表征受到情境的影响,这说明在垂直维度上数字的空间表征具有动态性,且受到具体和情境的调节。     

任务情境和证据信息对青少年贝叶斯推理的影响研究

采用生活情境测查任务和经典测查任务探讨了任务情境对青少年贝叶斯推理的影响,以及生活情境测查任务中不同证据信息对青少年贝叶斯判断的影响作用.结果表明:(1)在生活情境测查任务中,从小学六年级到大学二年级,被试的贝叶斯推理能力稳步缓慢提升(相邻的两个被试组之间差异不显著,而不相邻的两个被试组之间差异更容易达到显著水平),发展没有出现加速期,而经典测查任务情境下没有表现出年龄差异;(2)贝叶斯推理作为条件概率的判断不仅受任务情境的影响,而且同一任务情境中不同证据信息也会影响贝叶斯判断.当证据信息与先验信念一致时,被试可以充分利用线索进行推理.     

人情压力对决策的影响

研究从理性选择理论的角度出发,设计了两个情境决策的实验考察人情压力对决策的影响。实验1用定势启动的方法对人情压力进行启动,结果发现,启动组与控制组被试在决策结果上并未存在显著的差异。实验2通过控制人际亲疏程度并给予反馈信息使被试产生高、中、低不同人情压力程度,结果发现不同人情压力下被试的决策也不存在显著的差异,但是发现了人情压力下不同性别被试存在决策差异。两个实验的结果表明,本研究并未以实证的手段发现人情压力对于决策的影响。     

大学生人格特质与主观幸福感的关系:儒家心理资产的中介作用

以308名大学生为被试,以《大五人格问卷》、《儒家心理资产问卷》、《生活满意度量表》和《积极消极情感量表》为工具,考察人格特质、儒家心理资产与主观幸福感的关系。结果表明:(1)五种人格特质与儒家心理资产的八个维度存在不同程度的相关;(2)儒家心理资产八个维度与主观幸福感的不同指标相关不同;(3)爱人、务民、崇德、学等儒家心理资产维度在人格特质与主观幸福感总分之间起部分中介作用。本研究是对《论语》管理智慧实证化的创新性尝试。     

大学生人际关系困扰与主观幸福感的关系研究

采用《人际关系综合诊断量表》和《主观幸福感量表》对467名大学生进行测试,旨在探讨大学生人际关系困扰与主观幸福感的状况及其关系.结果表明:(1)大学生的人际交谈困扰存在地域和独生/非独生子女的交互作用,城市的独生子女大学生人际交谈困扰最低;在与异性交往困扰方面,来自乡镇的大学生和非独生子女的大学生有较大的困扰.(2)生活满意度和积极情感存在着地域和独生/非独生子女的交互作用,城市的独生子女大学生生活满意度和积极情感最高,乡镇的独生子女大学生生活满意度和积极情感最低.(3)人际关系困扰四个维度对主观幸福感的不同成份有不同的预测作用,人际交友困扰、人际交谈困扰和与异性交往困扰对生活满意度有预测作用,而人际交友困扰、人际交谈困扰和待人接物困扰三个维度对积极情感和消极情感有预测作用.     

组织认同与离职意向关系的元分析

本研究采用元分析方法探索了组织认同与离职意向的关系。通过文献搜索与筛选, 获得了59项研究和71个独立效应量, 共包含23180名被试。根据数据特点, 采用随机效应模型对两者关系进行了分析, 结果表明, 整体上组织认同与离职意向呈现高等程度的负相关(r = −0.453); 不同维度内容的组织认同测量工具、被试从事的行业类型对组织认同与离职意向的关系具有调节效应, 但不同认知结构的离职意向测量工具、文化背景的调节效应不显著。上述结果证明了组织认同对离职意向的影响作用, 同时, 也强调了科学研究中测量工具使用的科学性。     

共变信息的程度差异对归因的影响

本研究通过两个实验探讨了1种自我关联的共变信息的程度差异对归因的影响。实验1中38名被试阅读一些情境,情境中包含被试好/不好的结果、及相关的一致性信息,并操作一致性的程度,然后在原因的4个维度进行归因。结果表明一致性高/低分别被归于人的外/内因,而一致性信息无或不明确时的归因则在内外归因之间。同时在4个原因维度均表现出利己归因偏好,一致性信息的程度差异对利己归因偏好没有显著干扰作用。实验2采用实验1的方法但给予了区别性信息,实验2基本复制了实验1的结果。另外本研究发现一致性或区别性高时在可控制性维度利己归因偏好消失。最后探讨了共变信息对归因及利己归因偏好的影响。     

伦理型领导如何影响员工创造力:心理安全感与关系的作用

基于认知评价理论,以配对的328组员工为样本,探讨了伦理型领导与员工创造力的关系,及心理安全感、上下级关系在这一关系中的作用。结论:伦理型领导与员工心理安全感正相关;上下级关系与伦理型领导的交互作用强化了员工的心理安全感;心理安全感中介了伦理型领导对员工创造力的影响;上下级关系调节了心理安全感对伦理型领导与创造力关系间的中介作用。     

Cognitive complexity and cognitive-affective integration: related or separate domains of adult development?

This study used a latent variable approach to describe two broad domains of adult development and their interrelations. One domain was cognitive complexity, defined by crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence, and reflective cognition: the other domain was cognitive-affective integration, operationalized in terms of integrated and defensive coping. It was hypothesized that these 2 domains are related to each other and that they imply different developmental correlates. Structural relations among the latent variables supported a model in which integrated coping showed positive relations with crystallized intelligence and reflective cognition, whereas defensive coping showed negative relations to these cognitive factors. Age and education were significant predictors of the cognitive complexity factors, whereas evaluations of the climate in one's current family and family of origin were related to the factors of cognitive-affective integration.     

MAKING COMMITMENTS, CREATING LIVES

This study examined the midlife personality implications of different long-term patterns of commitment to work¹ and family in a sample of educated women. Women with different work commitment patterns differed on both observer and self-report of instrumentality, and on observer report of interpersonal orientation and valuation of social norms. Women with different family-role commitment patterns differed only on self-report of valuation of social norms. Multivariate analyses also indicated that interpersonal orientation and instrumentality may not represent bipolar ends of the same personality continuum, and that interpersonal orientation as a broad personality domain may be comprised of distinct qualities (i.e., warmth vs. dependence). Taken together, these findings imply that when variations in the nature of women's work and family commitments are taken into account, a more comprehensive understanding of the similarities and differences in their personalities can result.     

东南亚华人家族企业关系管理研究

研究东南亚华人家族企业的关系管理对于理解华人的心理与行为具有重要的意义。家族企业对当今世界的经济发生着非常重要的影响。本文通过文献研究、问卷调查、访谈等方法对东南亚华人家族企业的高级管理人员进行研究,发现关系管理对于东南亚华人家族企业的发展具有重要的意义。关系管理工作做得好可以促进华人家族企业的发展,关系管理处理不当,会直接危及华人家族企业的发展。     

Building up resources in the relationship between work–family conflict and burnout among firefighters: moderators of guanxi and emotion regulation strategies

This study investigated the moderating effects of supervisor–subordinate “guanxi” alongside relevant emotional regulation strategies, including cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, undertaken by 402 firefighters experiencing burnout caused by work–family conflict, as revealed through the application and analysis of the job demands–resources model. According to the regression model for the moderating effects, high levels of supervisor–subordinate guanxi may improve the relationship between work–family conflict and burnout, while frequent suppression of expressivity may enhance this relationship. Moreover, when supervisor–subordinate guanxi is high, cognitive reappraisal may effectively mitigate the relationship between work–family conflict and burnout. To this end, both guanxi and cognitive reappraisal are crucial for supporting emotional regulation in the workplaces of ethnic Chinese societies.     

Developing and Validating a Measure of Consumer Well-Being in Relation to Cell Phone Use

This paper reports on an effort to develop a consumer well-being measure in relation to cell phone use. The measure is based on the theoretical notion that the perception of the overall quality-of-life impact of the cell phone on users is determined by their perceptions of the impact of the cell phone in various life domains such as social life, leisure life, family life, education life, health and safety, love life, work life, and financial life. In turn, the perception of impact of the cell phone in a given life domain (e.g., social life, leisure life) is determined by perceptions of benefits and costs of the cell phone within that domain. We conducted two major studies to select items capturing perceived benefits and costs that are predictive of perceived quality-of-life impact of the cell phone.     

Gender‐Role Orientation,Creative Accomplishments and Cognitive Styles

The present study examined the association of gender‐role orientation to creative accomplishments and cognitive styles. One hundred and twenty‐seven college students completed the Artistic and Scientific Activities Survey (Guastello, 1991), the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (Spence, Helmreich, & Stapp, 1974), and the Bem Sex Role Inventory (Bem, 1974). Three different gender‐role orientations were examined: instrumentality (agenic, stereotypically masculine), expressiveness (communal, stereotypically feminine), and androgynous (high levels of instrumental and expressive characteristics). Results indicated that instrumentality was positively associated with creative accomplishments in the business venture domain and that androgynous, versus nonandrogynous, individuals were more creatively productive in the domains of literature, theater, and video‐photography. Instrumentality was also positively associated with the six hats cognitive style, which is a measure of cognitive flexibility, and the six hats style was marginally significantly associated with androgyny. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed and recommendations for future research are considered.     

青少年自我价值感量表构念效度的验证性因素分析

用自编的青少年自我价值感量表对我国 9个大城市的大中学校的 4 931名学生进行了再测量 ,以其中的2 4 2 0名学生的数据进行一阶因素模型的比较分析 ,另外 2 5 11名学生的数据进行二阶因素模型的验证性分析。结果显示 ,我们提出的自我价值感的多层次多维度模型是合理。该模型包括总体自我价值感、一般自我价值感和特殊自我价值感三个层次 ;总体自我价值感抽象程度最高 ,其次是一般自我价值感包含社会取向和个人取向两种 ,抽象程度最低的是特殊自我价值感表现为生理的、心理的、人际的、道德的和家庭的自我价值感 5个具体方面同时也表现为社会取向和个人取向两种。该量表包含 5 6个题项从不同的抽象层次和具体方面对所构建的自我价值感模型进行测量 ,具有较好的构念效度     

ADOLESCENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF SOCIAL CONFLICTS IN TELEVISION NEWS AND SOCIAL REALITY

This study examined Israeli adolescents' differential perception of social conflicts in society and of their presentation by TV news, given the assumption that TV presents a distorted picture of real social conflicts along three dimensions: complexity, intensity, and solvability. It was hypothesized that age and degree of remoteness of social conflicts from one's life experiences will account for the main differences in an adolescent's differential perception of social conflicts. The sample consisted of 492 9th-grade and 425 12lh-grade Israeli adolescents. The data indicate that the older adolescents typically differentiate between the two realms of reality to a greater degree than do the younger adolescents. This is the case for three conflicts (school integration, labor disputes, and political terrorism) across the three dimensions. Moreover, the highest degree of differentiation between the two realms of reality was found for both age groups in the school integration conflict, with which the respondents were presumed to be most familiar, and the least differentiation for the conflict concerning political terrorism, with which they were presumed to have had the least experience.