小学儿童谦虚行为的发展研究

谦虚行为是一种中国特有的亲社会行为,在有关儿童道德判断的跨文化研究领域具有比较特殊的意义.本研究通过实验室实验对311名7、9、11岁小学儿童的谦虚行为进行了有益的探索.结果发现,儿童的谦虚行为不仅与年龄因素有关,而且还会受到社会情境因素的影响.     

为集体或为个人情境下小学儿童对说谎或说真话的理解和道德评价

研究探讨了291名7、9、11岁小学儿童在为集体或为个人情境下对说谎或说真话的理解和道德评价。结果表明,集体观念已经对11岁儿童对说谎概念的理解产生显著影响,11岁儿童在为集体情境下更少将主人公的话判断为说谎;随着年龄的增长,小学儿童对个人真话的评价越来越消极,对集体谎的评价越来越积极;当诚实原则和集体观念发生冲突时,7岁儿童主要受到诚实原则的支配,9岁儿童集体观念与诚实原则几乎是并驾齐驱,11岁儿童主要受到集体观念的影响;随着年龄的增长,小学儿童更多地从诚实和为集体两个方面陈述评价的理由。     

小学儿童对说谎及说真话的评价

该研究分析比较了７、９、１１岁儿童对故事中好／坏行为的评价,及对此两种行为说谎／说真话的评价。研究目的是想通过小学儿童对好行为与坏行为说谎或说真话的道德评价来检验说谎发展中的一些普遍性问题。结果表明：被试都有相当的能力区别行为与言语反应间的差异。对好／坏行为都予积极／消极的评价;而对相应的言语反应的评价则因条件而不同。     

不同情景下小学儿童对说谎与说真话的道德评价

研究探讨了小学7、9、11岁儿童在对说谎与说真话进行道德评价时不同情景间的差异.研究结果发现,小学儿童对于具有积极意义的说谎/真话的评价显著地好于消极性的说谎/真话.但在对具有积极意义的说谎以及具有消极意义的真话进行评价时,具有显著的情景间差异.总的来说,在个体情景下,对谦虚谎及做好事说真话的评价具有年龄的效应,且谦虚谎的评价比白谎更为积极,而白谎的评价比集体情景下的说谎与伤害性说谎更为积极;而儿童对于交往情景下直率真话的评价在所有的年龄都趋于中性,有别于其他情景.     

成功者的谦虚

他一再在他的一位朋友面前说：“没什么,我只不过是在这方面多下了点笨功夫罢了,你可是在很方面比我强多了。”“你要是想写,要不了多长时间就会超过我的。” 这里说的“他”,是某地一位小有名气的作家,他跟他那位朋友说的,显然都是一种谦虚之言。既然是朋友,他当然知道怎么说才不致让朋友难受和难堪。见他发表的作品越来越多,同时在社会上受到的尊重也越来越多,有一天,那位朋友也就对他说：“我也准备写作了,你看,我能不能用三年时达到你这个水平 ?“这位作家怎么好说不能呢 ?” 三年时间很快就过去了。这位作家的那位朋友,…     

儿童道德认识的结构与发展规律

道德认识是道德品质形成过程中的第一个环节,是道德行为的基础。探索儿童道德认识的结构与发展规律,在儿童德育中有极其重要的理论与实践意义。儿童道德认识的发展,包括一整套逐步形成的结构,它是通过主体与外部世界之间的不断互动而     

学前儿童道德责任意识的发展研究

该文通过个别访谈的方法,考察了96名3～5岁幼儿依据允许性、可变性、权成依赖性以及规则依赖性四种判断标准对同伴、以及成人主人公的道德行为判断及其归因。结果显示,多数学前儿童都能根据不同的判断标准对主人公行为做出符合道德规则的判断,表现出较强的道德责任意识,且这一意识在3～4、5岁之间获得了较为显著的发展,尤其是在权威依赖性标准上。归因分析显示近1／4的幼儿明确采用相应的道德规则对主人公的行为作出解释。这些结果支持认知发展的领域特殊论,揭示出学前儿童很早就发展起来的道德责任,这对当前的道德教育和公民教育实践具有一定启示意义。     

儿童亲社会道德推理的发展研究

本实验参照艾森伯格—伯格设计的亲社会两难情境,编制适合于我国儿童生活实际的亲社会两难情境故事,以研究我国儿童的亲社会道德推理。结果表明:在本实验中所研究的我国儿童亲社会道德推理的发展基本上与艾森伯格—伯格的结论一致,但他们的亲社会道德推理水平略高于美国同年龄儿童;不同的两难情境对儿童的道德推理水平有一定的影响;在亲社会道德推理方面不存在性别差异。     

在亲／反社会情境下儿童对说谎的理解及其道德评价的研究

本研究比较了幼儿及小学儿童在亲社会与反社会情境下对说谎/说真话的理解及幼儿对其所作的道德评价上的年龄差异.结果表明自4岁开始儿童能够明确地理解说谎/说真话,并作出相应的道德判断.但3岁幼儿无论是对说谎/说真话概念的判断,还是道德评价,不能对行为与言语作明确的区别.习俗性特征对说谎概念判断的影响始于9岁.     

试论道德评价标准的层次结构系统

在伦理学界长期存在的种种分歧背后 ,道德标准问题的悬而未决是症结所在 ;社会生活中人们时时处处所面临的判断、选择的艰难和所产生的道德困惑 ,几乎都与道德评价标准缺乏相对的统一密切相关 ;现实生活中人们实施道德评价活动时所发生的若干偏差 ,也往往是由于难以找到既具有普遍性又具有可操作性的道德评价标准。本文以“道德评价标准的层次结构系统”为题 ,作一初步探讨。     

亲社会情境中小学儿童道德情绪判断及其归因研究

该文运用临床访谈法研究了小学儿童在亲社会情境中道德情绪判断及归因状况。结果表明:在亲社会情境中,儿童的道德情绪判断经由消极到积极的发展趋势,年幼儿童倾向于判断助人者会体验到消极的情绪,年长儿童则认为助人者会体验到高兴等积极情绪,并且随着儿童年龄的增长,儿童的情绪体验愈加复杂。在道德情绪归因中,年幼儿童倾向于结果定向的归因,一年级儿童中大部分以道德定向为主,随着儿童年龄的增长,儿童的归因定向逐渐多样化。     

Student Evaluations and Moral Hazard

Most universities solicit feedback from students at the end of a course in order to assess student perceptions of the course. This feedback is used for various objectives, including for evaluating teaching by academic administrators. One would therefore expect faculty to rationally take this into account while formulating their teaching strategy. In certain cases, such strategic considerations can give rise to moral hazard. I have modelled the situation using the well-known Prisoners Dilemma game and found that in equilibrium, the teaching style will be examination-centric, while considerations of societal good would demand that the teaching style be knowledge-centric. I also discuss the policy implications for this finding.     

关于小学儿童算术策略的理论及研究

关于儿童算术策略的研究一直是国内外心理学家关心的热点．围绕着儿童算术认知策略的发现、选择和运行机制,心理学家提出了表征翻译理论和竞争淡判理论．同时心理学家还提出了几种算术认知策略的理论模型。进行儿童算术认知策略研究的经典方法主要是精密时计法和口语报告法,采用的研究任务范式主要是产生式任务和验证式任务。题目结构类型、工作记忆广度和数位概念等因素影响儿童算术策略的使用。近几年,有关小学儿童算术认知策略的研究得到了长足发展。     

The Roles of Ethnicity and School Context in Predicting Children's Victimization by Peers

This study examines the prevalence, stability, and contextual correlates of peer victimization in a sample of African-American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White urban elementary school-age children. A total of 1956 children (40% African-American, 42% Hispanic, and 18% White) attending any 1 of 14 public elementary schools located in one large and one mid-sized Midwestern city participated in this study. Peer ratings of victimization were obtained at two points in time, separated by a 2-year period. Findings revealed that risk for being victimized by peers varied by ethnicity and by school context. Hispanic children had lower victimization scores than did either African-American or White children. These findings, however, were moderated by school context, such that attending ethnically integrated schools was associated with a significantly higher risk of victimization for White children and a slightly lower risk of victimization for African-American children and did not affect the risk of victimization for Hispanic children. In addition, African-American children were less likely than Hispanic and White children to be repeatedly victimized by peers over time. The importance of considering ethnicity and context in explaining peer victimization is discussed and suggestions for preventive interventions and future research are provided.     

两种道德情境下中学生的自我与他人情绪判断

将246名中学生分为三个年龄组,运用情境故事考察其在犯过和亲社会道德情境下的自我与他人情绪判断。进行卡方检验发现,在犯过情境中,12岁组的自我和他人情绪判断均以消极情绪为主,14和16岁组的自我和他人情绪判断之间存在差异,表现为他们对犯过情境中损人者的情绪判断多为积极情绪,而对自己的情绪判断则多为消极情绪;在亲社会情境中,三个年龄组的自我和他人情绪判断之间不存在差异,多以积极情绪判断为主。     

Proximal Impact of Two First-Grade Preventive Interventions on the Early Risk Behaviors for Later Substance Abuse, Depression, and Antisocial Behavior

We assessed the immediate effects of two universal, first-grade preventive interventions on the proximal targets of poor achievement, concentration problems, aggression, and shy behaviors, known early risk behaviors for later substance use/abuse, affective disorder, and conduct disorder. The classroom-centered (CC) intervention was designed to reduce these early risk behaviors by enhancing teachers' behavior management and instructional skills, whereas the family-school partnership (FSP) intervention was aimed at improving parent-teacher communication and parental teaching and child behavior management strategies. Over the course of first and second grades, the CC intervention yielded the greatest degree of impact on its proximal targets, whereas the FSP's impact was somewhat less. The effects were influenced by gender and by preintervention levels of risk. Analyses of implementation measures demonstrated that greater fidelity to the intervention protocols was associated with greater impact on behavior ratings and on achievement scores, thus providing some evidence of specificity in the effect of the interventions.     

儿童道德情绪归因研究的进展及未来展望

20世纪70年代以来,对儿童道德情绪归因的研究主要集中在概念界定、定向发展、年龄差异、产生原因及其影响因素等方面。但在研究对象的拓展、情境的设置以及归因对象的完善等方面还需要未来作进一步的探索与研究。     

Children's Social and Moral Reasoning About Exclusion

ABSTRACT— Developmental research on social and moral reasoning about exclusion has utilized a social-domain theory, in contrast to a global stage theory, to investigate children's evaluations of gender- and race-based peer exclusion. The social-domain model postulates that moral, social-conventional, and personal reasoning coexist in children's evaluations of inclusion and exclusion, and that the priority given to these forms of judgments varies by the age of the child, the context, and the target of exclusion. Findings from developmental intergroup research studies disconfirm a general-stage-model approach to morality in the child, and provide empirical data on the developmental origins and emergence of intergroup attitudes regarding prejudice, bias, and exclusion.     

A Model of Contagion Through Competition in the Aggressive Behaviors of Elementary School Students

This article extends the work of Kellam, Ling, Merisca, Brown and Ialongo (1998) by applying a mathematical model of competition between children to peer contagion in the aggressive behaviors of elementary school students. Nonlinearity in the relationship between group aggression and individual aggression at 2-year follow-up is present. Consistent with the findings of Kellam et al. (1998), hierarchical linear modeling indicates that the relationship is statistically significant for those students whose initial parental ratings of aggressive behavior were above the sample median. In the context of competition between students, the behavior of initially aggressive students may be negatively reinforced. Lowering aggression in the school environment may therefore be the most effective way to lower the level of these students aggressive behavior.     

小学儿童在空间概念中的内隐学习实验研究

本研究以一、三、五年级小学儿童为被试,探查小学儿童在不同学习模式下空间概念的发展情况。研究结果如下:(1)不同学习模式下,儿童的认知发展呈现不同的趋势;(2)随认知任务难度的增加,不同学习模式的成绩出现差异;(3)不同学习模式下,不同难度任务的成绩存在差异。