与年龄相关的认知速度减慢及学习改善过程

该工作应用人机对话方式完成心算、符号数字、数字鉴别和计数四项作业认知速度年老减慢及学习改善过程的研究,被试３５０人,４６—７５岁。研究结果表明：四项认知作业速度随年老进行性减慢;然而,老年人经学习训练认知作业速度可明显改善。上述变化程度与作业所需时间有密切关系,提示年老过程中枢信息加工过程速度的减慢快于外周感觉─运动过程速度的减慢,学习改善作用也可能主要是中枢过程速度的提高。     

城市低龄老年人的需要满足状况、社会支持和心理健康的关系研究

采用城市低龄老年人社会支持问卷、老年人心理健康问卷、城市低龄老年人需要问卷对738名城市低龄老年人进行施测,考察需要社会支持、需要满足状况对城市低龄老年人的心理健康关系机制。结果表明：城市低龄老年人的需要满足状况和社会支持同时影响其心理健康。具体而言,人际需要满足状况和亲情需要满足状况分别对关爱支持和心理健康起到了部分中介效应,人际需要满足状况、亲情需要满足状况认知需要满足状况和价值需要满足状况分别对指导支持和心理健康起到了部分中介效应。     

与年龄相关的认知速度减慢及学习改善过程

该工作应用人机对话方式完成心算、符号数字、数字鉴别和计数四项作业认知速度年老减慢及学习改善过程的研究,被试３５０人,４６—７５岁。研究结果表明：四项认知作业速度随年老进行性减慢;然而,老年人经学习训练认知作业速度可明显改善。上述变化程度与作业所需时间有密切关系,提示年老过程中枢信息加工过程速度的减慢快于外周感觉─运动过程速度的减慢,学习改善作用也可能主要是中枢过程速度的提高。     

老年人认知老化及其多媒体学习设计

认知老化研究表明,老年人随着年龄的增长,其认知功能呈衰退趋势。但认知年老化过程的个体差异很大,有较大的变异性和可塑性。多媒体为学习者提供了新的具有重要潜在优势的学习环境,其在学习中的广泛应用使得越来越多老年学习者也面临着运用多媒体学习。文章试从认知老化研究出发,以认知负荷理论和多媒体学习认知理论为指导,探讨适合老年人认知特征的多媒体学习策略。     

在慢性病管理中坚持德性伦理

正随着人口老龄化进程的加剧和健康老龄化的推进,老年医学迅速发展,备受人们关注。在人们追求"提高生命质量,延长生命长度"的目标进程中,必将遇到因年老而器官组织功能减退等原因出现慢性病的问题,如何对待慢性病,近年来北京老年医院开展预防、保健、医疗等多学科合作为一体的慢性病管理,通过慢性病管理向"健康老龄化"的目标努力。作为三级医院,在建立老年医学模式的进程中,在大力宣传高尚的医学人文精神、开展人性化的医     

代际支持对中国农村老年人认知功能的影响研究

基于西安交通大学人口研究所2001年在安徽省巢湖市进行的“安徽省老年人生活福利状况”的抽样调查,采用多元线性回归,结合农村实际状况,详细分析经济支持、生活照料和情感支持的代际问双向交流对中国农村老年人认知功能的影响。结果显示,经济支持和情感支持的双向交流对老年人的认知功能有积极影响;老年人生活照料的获得对其认知功能也积极的影响;老年人对子女的生活照料的提供对其认知功能无显著影响。     

跨期选择中的年龄差异及其机制

随着老龄化形势日益严峻, 老年人的跨期选择受到越来越多学者的关注。目前关于跨期选择的年老化研究尚存分歧:有研究发现老年人比年轻人更偏好未来获得更大收益; 也有研究发现老年人的选择偏好和年轻人一样, 甚至比年轻人更偏好近期收益。从时间表征和结果价值表征两个维度上的加工过程去分析其对老年人跨期选择的影响, 并进一步阐述认知、动机和情绪因素对两个维度加工过程的影响, 这对于理解当前老年人跨期选择领域研究的分歧有重要科学意义。     

老年期作业绩效下降的一般规律研究概述

随着社会人口的老龄化,人们越来越重视对老年心理的研究。通常,60岁以上的人我们称之为老年人。老年人在生理结构和组织形态方面的变化造成了他们生理功能的逐渐衰弱,而对他们的心理和认知运动能力等产生影响。但是,随着年龄的增长,老年人比年轻人积累了更多的知识与经验。从而可在一定程度上弥补由于生理方面的变化而造成的功能性衰退。因此,年老对个体的生活和工作能力的影响是一个非常复杂的问题,     

视频游戏对成功老龄化的影响

老龄化已成为世界性问题, 数字化技术的发展以及视频游戏的迅速普及, 使视频游戏对老年人的影响也逐渐为研究者所关注。游戏中认知功能的训练能有效延缓认知老化; 游戏中体验到的积极情绪以及与其他玩家的互动可以提高心理健康水平; 网络视频游戏还能增加老年人的社会交往, 扩大社交网络, 增强社会功能; 此外, 互动视频游戏还能使老年人进行更多的身体锻炼。未来研究应进一步探讨视频游戏对成功老龄化更全面的影响, 老年玩家在视频游戏中的性别差异, 如何在中国文化背景下理解视频游戏带来的积极影响以及进行应用研究, 针对老年人的实际需要为游戏开发提供建议。     

加工速度和工作记忆在认知年老化过程中的作用

研究加工速度和工作记忆在认知能力年老化过程中的作用。被试为20-90岁的健康成人1350名,完成加工速度、工作记忆及一组认知能力测验,应用分层回归分析方法考查在年老化过程中加工速度和工作记忆对多项认知变量的作用量。结果表明,在年老化过程中,加工速度和工作记忆对认知变量的作用量分别约为87% 和76%;二者的综合作用量约为94%。说明加工速度和工作记忆在认知能力年老化过程中起决定作用     

Markers of Successful Aging Among Vietnamese Refugee Women

This article describes several markers of successful aging for Vietnamese women. These studies suggest that feelings of control have important implications for life satisfaction and mental health of female Vietnamese refugees. Adequate satisfaction with social relationships is a key contributor to successful aging and mental health of elderly Vietnamese refugees who are female. The article concludes by discussing ways in which mental health and health care professionals can assist female elderly refugees cope with family crisis, adaptation, and acculturation issues because they are at the highest risk now and into the future. Key issues were: cultural values surrounding age and gender norms, differential rates of acculturation across generations in the family, cross-cultural differences in mental health and their therapeutic implications.     

成功老化内涵及影响因素分析

本文在Rowe和Kahn成功老化模型的基础上,结合中国文化背景,提出了生理健康、心理功能、社会参与、生活满意度的四维度成功老化模型。人口学特征、早期经历、社会互动环境、社会历史文化等被动因素,生活方式和习惯、认知活动与训练、老化态度等主动因素,都会影响老年人的成功老化。成功老化是老年人为之奋斗的目标,积极老化是通往该目标的途径。     

Cognitive function in older adults according to current socioeconomic status

Cognitive function may be influenced by education, socioeconomic status, sex, and health status. Furthermore, aging interacts with these factors to influence cognition and dementia risk in late life. Factors that may increase or decrease successful cognitive aging are of critical importance, particularly if they are modifiable. The purpose of this study was to determine if economic status in late life is associated with cognition independent of socioeconomic status in early life. Cross-sectional demographic, socioeconomic, and cognitive function data were obtained in 2592 older adults (average age 71.6 years) from the Center for Disease Control’s National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and analyzed with linear regression modeling. Cognitive function, as measured with a test of processing speed, was significantly associated with poverty index scores after adjusting for educational attainment as an estimate of childhood socioeconomic status, ethnic background, age, health status, and sex (P < 0.001). Our findings suggest that current economic status is independently associated with cognitive function in adults over age 60 years.     

Working memory and attention are still impaired after three years in patients with stress‐related exhaustion

Cognitive impairment is one of the most pronounced symptoms reported by patients with stress‐related mental health problems. Impairments related to executive function and to some extent speed and attention are therefore common in patients with stress‐related burnout/exhaustion. In this paper we present a follow‐up of cognitive performance in patients with stress‐related exhaustion several years after they initially sought medical care. Thirty patients and 27 healthy controls, mean age 49 years (SD 6.5) and 55 years (SD 6.7) respectively, were included, all of whom had undergone baseline measurements of neuropsychological functioning. The mean follow‐up time was three years. Half of the patients still reported mental health problems at follow‐up and over time no major changes in cognitive performance were noted. The patients still performed significantly poorer than controls with regard to cognitive functions, mainly related to speed, attention and memory function. Long‐lasting impairment of cognitive functions related to speed, attention and memory function noted in patients with stress‐related exhaustion should be acknowledged and taken into consideration during treatment and when discussing a return to work. Follow‐up periods longer than three years are needed to explore the persistence of the cognitive impairment.     

Intra-individual variability in gait and in cognitive performance are not related in the elderly

As humans age, the amount of intra-individual variability (IIV) present in both their gait and their cognitive performance tends to increase. Both gait and cognitive IIV are associated with attentional control and with cerebrovascular disease, suggesting that the IIV in gait and cognitive function should be strongly correlated in the elderly. In this study temporal gait variability was determined from a 60-second period of walking. Cognitive variability was determined from two decision-time tasks assessing inhibition. Despite the presence of substantial amounts of gait and cognitive IIV in 71 elderly individuals, there were no significant correlations between measures of cognitive and gait IIV, suggesting that different factors drive IIV in the motor and cognitive performance of older individuals. These results are not consistent with the common cause theory of aging, which predicts that cognitive and sensorimotor performance should show related declines due to age-related disruption of a common neurological substrate.     

The importance of impaired physical health and age in normal cognitive aging

The objective of this study was to investigate the importance of impaired physical health and age in normal cognitive aging. In our cross-sectional, clinical and explorative study, medical and neuropsychological data from 118 voluntary healthy controls aged 26-91 years were collected from five recruitment occasions. Health was assessed according to a criterion reflecting clinical and subclinical severity. The examinations included a clinical investigation, brain neuroimaging, and a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Regression analyses showed a significant incidence of clinical and subclinical medical disorders that explained 10.8% of the variation in cognitive performance, while age-related impairment explained 5.6%. Findings of the central nervous system were important but various other medical findings explained about half of the health-related variation. Cognitively demanding tasks were more susceptible to impaired physical health while tasks comprising salient motor- and visual spatial elements were more prone to be impaired by age. Our findings suggest (1) that impaired physical health is more important than chronological age in accounting for cognitive impairment across the adult lifespan, (2) that age and health dissociate with regard to cognitive functions affected, and (3) that selection for so-called "super healthy" elderly people might be justified in cognitive research. Because the prevalent diseases in normal aging are potentially preventable, the present findings promise good prospect for prevention of future cognitive disability among elderly people.     

Sex differences in cognition in healthy elderly individuals

ABSTRACT

Sex differences in patterns of cognitive test performance have been attributed to factors, such as sex hormones or sexual dimorphisms in brain structure, that change with normal aging. The current study examined sex differences in patterns of cognitive test performance in healthy elderly individuals. Cognitive test scores of 957 men and women (age 67–89), matched for overall level of cognitive test performance, age, education, and depression scale score, were compared. Men and women were indistinguishable on tests of auditory divided attention, category fluency, and executive functioning. In contrast, women performed better than men on tests of psychomotor speed and verbal learning and memory, whereas men outperformed women on tests of visuoconstruction and visual perception. Our finding that the pattern of sex differences in cognition observed in young adults is observed in old age has implications for future studies of both healthy elderly individuals and of those with cognitive disorders.     

基于双因素模型的老年人生命意义感与心理健康：老化态度的中介作用——基于双因素模型的老年人生命意义感与心理健康：老化态度的中介作用

在积极心理学的影响下,心理健康双因素模型包含主观幸福感和精神病理学指标。研究旨在验证心理健康双因素模型在老年人中的适用性,考察老化态度在生命意义感和心理健康间的多重中介作用。采用爱丁堡幸福量表、一般健康问卷、老化态度问卷和人生意义问卷调查了283名广州市社区老年人。结果发现：（1）心理健康双因素模型较单因素模型的拟合度更优。（2）生命意义感通过老化态度的三条路径（对身体变化、心理获得和心理社会丧失的积极态度）促进心理健康,但具体机制不同。增强意义体验、意义追寻通过老化态度的完全中介作用,提高主观幸福感。增强意义体验通过老化态度的完全中介作用,减弱意义追寻通过老化态度的部分中介作用,减少精神病理学症状。研究结果扩大了心理健康双因素模型的适用年龄范围,为提升老年人的心理健康提供实证依据。     

家庭氛围、子女生活满意度与心理健康代际传递的关系：亲子性别和子女年龄的差异

为探讨家庭环境（家庭氛围）、认知过程（生活满意度）和个人因素（亲子性别和子女年龄）对心理健康代际传递的影响,对591户家庭亲子被试进行调查。结果显示：（1）父母心理健康均正向预测子女心理健康,家庭氛围和子女生活满意度在其中起了重要中介作用;（2）较之于父亲,母亲心理健康对家庭氛围的预测效应更显著,母亲能以家庭氛围和生活满意度为链式多重中介预测子女心理健康,父亲心理健康仅以生活满意度为中介预测子女心理健康;（3）母亲心理健康仅能直接预测女儿的生活满意度和心理健康,父子间代际传递效应高于父女,以及母亲对子女的影响效应随子女年龄增长而提高,父亲的影响效应却在下降。研究结果有助于揭示心理健康代际传递的作用机制,且可丰富心理健康领域的研究。     

社区老年人执行功能和加工速度与运动能力的关系

随着年龄的增长,老年人的运动能力和执行功能,以及心理加工速度都出现不同程度的衰退。已有的研究多集中于步行与跌倒,未能统合考察运动能力、心理加工速度以及执行功能各子成分之间的关系。本研究对66名老年人的运动能力、执行功能以及加工速度进行了测试,通过经典范式对老年人四种运动能力测试(握力、30秒连续坐起、闭眼单足站立、起立行走计时)与执行功能各子成分(抑制控制、刷新功能、转换功能以及工作记忆)及心理加工速度进行了统合考察,更深入地探究了老年人运动能力与认知能力之间的关系。结果发现,在运动能力中,起立行走计时的成绩与执行功能和加工速度的关系最为密切,对起立行走计时的预测模型中加工速度权重最大。结果提示,对老年人认知功能的干预可能会影响老年人的基本运动能力。