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1.
Looking at You or Looking Elsewhere: The Influence of Head Orientation on the Signal Value of Emotional Facial Expressions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The role of horizontal head tilt for the perceptions of emotional facial expressions was examined. For this, a total of 387
participants rated facial expressions of anger, fear, sadness, and happiness, as well as neutral expressions shown by two
men and two women in either a direct or an averted face angle. Decoding accuracy, attributions of dominance and affiliation,
emotional reactions of the perceivers, and the felt desire to approach the expresser were assessed. Head position was found
to strongly influence reactions to anger and fear but less so for other emotions. Direct anger expressions were more accurately
decoded, perceived as less affiliative, and elicited higher levels of anxiousness and repulsion, as well as less desire to
approach than did averted anger expressions. Conversely, for fear expressions averted faces elicited more negative affect
in the perceiver. These findings suggest that horizontal head position is an important cue for the assessment of threat.
相似文献
Ursula HessEmail: |
2.
Motivation is seen to guide selective attention in favor of motivation-consistent stimuli. However, such links may be bi-directional
in nature, such that selective attention processes may also bias and determine one’s motivational state. In the present study,
we examined the latter direction of influence by randomly assigning participants to one of two conditions designed to train
selective attention either toward or away from rewarding word stimuli. The effects of this manipulation were examined in terms
of approach-related intentions, emotional state, and reward-reactive behavior. It was found that the selective attention manipulation
influenced preferences and behavior, but not conscious emotional state. Findings are discussed in relation to implications
for motivation, cognition, and emotion.
相似文献
Michael D. RobinsonEmail: |
3.
Various investigators have proposed that people may feel simultaneous positive and negative affect. However, experimental
evidence from tests of a recent theory about the intensity of emotion (J. W. Brehm, 1999) suggests that even when they are
invited by the experimental design, positive and negative emotions do not occur at the same time. When people have been instigated
to feel a particular emotion, such as happiness, and then are given a reason (e.g., sad news) for not feeling happy, they
report continued happiness but no increase in sadness unless the reason for feeling sad is very great, in which case sadness
replaces happiness. The present paper briefly reviews the underlying theory and evidence, and discusses implications.
相似文献
Jack W. BrehmEmail: |
4.
Over the past three decades, research on the social dimensions of emotions has grown exponentially, particularly in the area
of “emotion management.” In this project, we will attempt to add to this body of research by studying the social aspects of
labeling or “instantiating” feelings. The data for the project come from televised red-carpet interviews conducted with celebrities
immediately prior to awards ceremonies. By focusing on the generic aspects of the emotional claims-making put forth by interviewers
and interviewees, we demonstrate how the labeling of emotions is an interpretive, interactive task.
相似文献
Kerry O. FerrisEmail: |
5.
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). American Psychologist, 54, 155–181) posits that older adults, and anyone else who perceives their time as limited, show a motivational shift toward
emotion regulation which causes them to exhibit a positivity bias and negativity avoidance in attention and memory. We tested
whether such a motivational shift can indeed cause changes in emotional processing by manipulating motivation in a sample
of young adults. After the manipulation, participants looked at real-world images while their eye movements were tracked.
It was found that participants motivated to regulate emotion attended less to negative than positive images and showed less
looking time to all stimulus types compared to the other two conditions. No evidence was found linking the motivational manipulation
to emotional memory.
相似文献
Derek M. IsaacowitzEmail: |
6.
Christie Napa Scollon Amanda Hiles Howard Amanda E. Caldwell Sachiyo Ito 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2009,10(3):257-269
According to Affect Valuation Theory (Tsai et al. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1031–1039), culture influences how people want to feel (ideal affect). Integrating Affect Valuation Theory with the Time-sequential
Framework of Subjective Well-being (Kim-Prieto et al. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6, 261–300), we proposed that cultural norms influence the memory, but not the experience, of emotion. The present study examined
the role of ideal affect in relation to experience sampling and retrospective reports of emotion. Ideal affect correlated
with retrospective reports but not experience sampling reports. Extraversion and neuroticism were more strongly related to
experience sampling reports than to ideal levels of emotion. Results suggest that retrospective reports of emotion involve
a dynamic process that incorporates cultural information into the reconstruction whereas on-line emotions are more constrained
by temperament.
相似文献
Christie Napa ScollonEmail: |
7.
Roger Crisp 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2008,11(3):233-246
This paper is a discussion of the emotion of compassion or pity, and the corresponding virtue. It begins by placing the emotion
of compassion in the moral conceptual landscape, and then moves to reject the currently dominant view, a version of Aristotelianism
developed by Martha Nussbaum, in favour of a non-cognitive conception of compassion as a feeling. An alternative neo-Aristotelian
account is then outlined. The relation of the virtue of compassion to other virtues is plotted, and some doubts sown about
its practical significance.
相似文献
Roger CrispEmail: |
8.
Matthew J. Hertenstein Carrie A. Hansel Alissa M. Butts Sarah N. Hile 《Motivation and emotion》2009,33(2):99-105
Based on social–functional accounts of emotion, we conducted two studies examining whether the degree to which people smiled
in photographs predicts the likelihood of divorce. Along with other theorists, we posited that smiling behavior in photographs
is potentially indicative of underlying emotional dispositions that have direct and indirect life consequences. In the first
study, we examined participants’ positive expressive behavior in college yearbook photos and in Study 2 we examined a variety
of participants’ photos from childhood through early adulthood. In both studies, divorce was predicted by the degree to which
subjects smiled in their photos.
相似文献
Matthew J. HertensteinEmail: |
9.
In this article, we critique two theoretical positions that analyze the place of emotions in education: the psychological
strand and the cultural feminist strand. First of all, it is shown how a social control of emotions in education is reflected
in the combination of psychological and cultural feminist discourses that function to govern one’s self effectively and efficiently.
These discourses perpetuate an assumed divide between the rational and the emotional, and reinforce the existing power hierarchies
and the status quo of stereotypes about the role of emotion in education. Then we use the Foucauldian notions of parrhesia
and care of the self to suggest alternative ways of thinking about emotions in education. Instead of campaigning for one side
or the other of the rational/emotional divide, we suggest that it may be more interesting and fruitful to examine the particular
ways discourses of emotion in education construct their own brand of parrhesia.
相似文献
Michalinos ZembylasEmail: |
10.
This paper explores some of the differences between the enactive approach in cognitive science and the extended mind thesis.
We review the key enactive concepts of autonomy and sense-making. We then focus on the following issues: (1) the debate between internalism and externalism about cognitive processes; (2)
the relation between cognition and emotion; (3) the status of the body; and (4) the difference between ‘incorporation’ and
mere ‘extension’ in the body-mind-environment relation.
相似文献
Mog StapletonEmail: |
11.
Catherine N. M. Ortner Sachne J. Kilner Philip David Zelazo 《Motivation and emotion》2007,31(4):271-283
The effect of mindfulness meditation (MM) on attentional control in emotional contexts was examined. In Study 1, MM practitioners
(N = 28) categorized tones presented 1 or 4 s following the onset of affective pictures. Reaction times (RTs) to tones for affective
minus neutral pictures provided an index of emotional interference. Participants with more MM experience showed less interference
from affective pictures and reported higher mindfulness and psychological well-being. Study 2 was a controlled, randomized
experimental study in which participants (N = 82) received MM training, relaxation meditation (RM) training, or no intervention (waiting-list control; WLC). Behavioral,
self-report, and psychophysiological measures were administered before and after a 7-week intervention period. Although both
MM and RM resulted in smaller skin conductance responses to unpleasant pictures and increased well-being, reductions in emotional
interference from unpleasant pictures were specific to MM. These findings indicate that MM attenuates prolonged reactivity
to emotional stimuli.
相似文献
Philip David ZelazoEmail: |
12.
Habitual emotional state is a predictor of long-term health and life expectancy and successful emotion regulation is necessary
for adaptive functioning. However, people are often unsuccessful in regulating their emotions. We investigated the use of
cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression in 489 university students in Norway, Australia, and the United States and
how these strategies related to measures of well-being (affect, life satisfaction, and depressed mood). Data was collected
by means of selfadministered questionnaires. The major aims of the study were to begin to explore the prevalence of use of
cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression across gender, age and culture, possible antecedents of emotion regulation
strategies, and the influence of emotion regulation upon well-being. Results showed that the use of emotion regulation strategies
varied across age, gender and culture. Private self-consciousness (self-reflection and insight) was found to be a central
antecedent for the use of cognitive reappraisal. Use of emotion regulation strategies predicted well-being outcomes, also
after the effect of extraversion and neuroticism had been controlled for. Generally, increased use of cognitive reappraisal
predicted increased levels of positive well-being outcomes, while increased use of expressive suppression predicted increased
levels of negative well-being outcomes.
相似文献
Silje Marie HagaEmail: |
13.
We report a secondary analysis of the international affective picture system (IAPS), the broadest available standardized sample
of emotional stimuli, which confirmed our prediction that the distribution of slides across the valence and arousal dimensions
would be related to human versus inanimate slide content. Pictures depicting humans are over-represented in the high arousal/positive
and high arousal/negative areas of affective space as compared to inanimate pictures, which are especially frequent in the
low arousal/neutral valence area. Results pertaining to dominance ratings and gender differences in valence and arousal ratings
further suggest that there are qualitative differences between emotional reactions to animal or human slide content and responses
to nonsocial still photos. Researchers need to be mindful of this distinction when selecting affect-inducing stimuli.
相似文献
Antony S. R. MansteadEmail: |
14.
Previous research, statistically accounting for self-construal factors and thereby eliminating widely reported culture main
effects in social anxiety scores between East Asians and European-Americans (Norasakkunkit and Kalick 2002 Culture, ethnicity, and emotional distress measures: The role of self-construal and self-enhancement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(1), 56–70.) suggested that social anxiety measures penalize individuals for being low on independent self-construal;
therefore, cultural differences in emotional distress according to social anxiety measures may possibly misrepresent cultural
differences in emotional well-being. In the current experimental study, 127 Japanese and 126 American participants were either
primed or not primed to access an independent mode of thought prior to filling out two commonly used measures of social anxiety
and a measure of emotional well-being. Independent priming caused social anxiety scores to decrease. Yet, independent priming
did not influence levels of self-reported emotional well-being. Furthermore, although the Japanese respondents were shown
to be more distressed according to both of the standardized social anxiety measures, this finding was actually reversed with
respect to self-reported emotional well-being. The evidence thus points to high scores on measurements of social anxiety being
directly and causally linked to low levels of independence, while no link was found between independence and emotional well-being.
相似文献
Vinai NorasakkunkitEmail: |
15.
Jan Slaby 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2008,7(4):429-444
This text addresses a problem that is not sufficiently dealt with in most of the recent literature on emotion and feeling.
The problem is a general underestimation of the extent to which affective intentionality is essentially bodily. Affective intentionality is the sui generis type of world-directedness that most affective states – most clearly the emotions – display. Many theorists of emotion overlook
the extent to which intentional feelings are essentially bodily feelings. The important but quite often overlooked fact is
that the bodily feelings in question are not the regularly treated, non-intentional bodily sensations (known from Jamesian
accounts of emotion), but rather crucial carriers of world-directed intentionality. Consequently, most theories of human emotions
and feelings recently advocated are deficient in terms of phenomenological adequacy. This text tries to make up for this deficit
and develops a catalogue of five central features of intentional bodily feelings. In addition, Jesse Prinz’s embodied appraisal theory is criticized as an exemplary case of the misconstrual of the bodily nature of affective experience in naturalistic philosophy
of mind.
相似文献
Jan SlabyEmail: |
16.
Enactive appraisal 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Giovanna Colombetti 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2007,6(4):527-546
Emotion theorists tend to separate “arousal” and other bodily events such as “actions” from the evaluative component of emotion
known as “appraisal.” This separation, I argue, implies phenomenologically implausible accounts of emotion elicitation and
personhood. As an alternative, I attempt a reconceptualization of the notion of appraisal within the so-called “enactive approach.”
I argue that appraisal is constituted by arousal and action, and I show how this view relates to an embodied and affective
notion of personhood.
相似文献
Giovanna ColombettiEmail: |
17.
Georg Northoff 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2008,7(4):501-527
The James–Lange theory considers emotional feelings as perceptions of physiological body changes. This approach has recently
resurfaced and modified in both neuroscientific and philosophical concepts of embodiment of emotional feelings. In addition
to the body, the role of the environment in emotional feeling needs to be considered. I here claim that the environment has
not merely an indirect and thus instrumental role on emotional feelings via the body and its sensorimotor and vegetative functions.
Instead, the environment may have a direct and non-instrumental, i.e., constitutional role in emotional feelings; this implies
that the environment itself in the gestalt of the person–environment relation is constitutive of emotional feeling rather
than the bodily representation of the environment. Since the person–environment relation is crucial in this approach, I call
it the relational concept of emotional feeling. After introducing the relational concept of emotional feeling, the present
paper investigates the neurophilosophical question whether current neuroimaging data on human emotion processing and anatomical
connectivity are empirically better compatible with the “relational” or the “embodied” concept of emotional feeling. These
data lend support to the empirical assumption that neural activity in subcortical and cortical midline regions code the relationship
between intero- and exteroceptive stimuli in a relational mode, i.e. their actual balance, rather than in a translational
mode, i.e., by translating extero- into interoceptive stimulus changes. Such intero-exteroceptive relational mode of neural
coding may have implications for the characterization of emotional feeling with regard to phenomenal consciousness and intentionality.
I therefore conclude that the here advanced relational concept of emotional feeling may be considered neurophilosophically
more plausible and better compatible with current neuroscientific data than the embodied concept as presupposed in the James–Lange
theory and its modern neuroscientific and philosophical versions.
相似文献
Georg NorthoffEmail: |
18.
Lenneke R. A. Alink Dante Cicchetti Jungmeen Kim Fred A. Rogosch 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(6):831-843
The present study investigated underlying processes of the effect of maltreatment on psychopathology (i.e., internalizing
and externalizing problems) in a group of 111 maltreated and 110 nonmaltreated 7–10 year-old children (60% boys). We tested
the moderating and/or mediating roles of emotion regulation and the mother-child relationship quality (pattern of relatedness)
using Structural Equation Modeling. Emotion regulation, but not the pattern of relatedness, mediated the relation between
maltreatment and psychopathology. This mediation was moderated by the pattern of relatedness: For the group of children with
an insecure pattern of relatedness, maltreatment was related to lower levels of emotion regulation, which was predictive of
higher levels of internalizing and externalizing symptomatology. In contrast, for the secure relatedness group, there was
no mediation by emotion regulation since the impact of maltreatment on emotion regulation was not significant. Implications
of the mediating role of emotion regulation and the buffering role of the mother-child relationship quality were discussed.
相似文献
Lenneke R. A. AlinkEmail: |
19.
Previous studies have shown that a change in an existing object is not as effective in capturing attention as the appearance
of a new object. This view was recently challenged by Lu and Zhou (Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 12:567–572, 2005), who
found strong capture effects for an object changing its color. We suspected that this finding critically depends on a procedural
particularity in Lu and Zhou’s study, namely that the color of the unique item and the color of the no-unique items randomly
switched between trials. In the current study we replicate Lu and Zhou’s capture effect (Experiment 1) and show that no capture
occurs when the color-to-stimuli assignment is fixed (Experiment 2). Two further experiments suggest that the capture effect
in Experiment 1 is not because the unique item switched color (Experiment 3), but because all the no-unique items switched
color (Experiment 4). The results are discussed considering top-down modulation and inter-trial priming effects.
相似文献
Adrian von Mühlenen (Corresponding author)Email: |
Markus ConciEmail: |
20.
Seth A. Brown 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2008,30(4):307-314
There is variability on how auditory hallucinations (AH) impact individuals, ranging from distress to comfort. A systematic
study of how simulations of AH impact a non-clinical sample can address not only how AH simulations influence the general
public, but also inform how actual AH influence individuals. Utilizing 504 undergraduates, different simulations of AH were
presented to examine their impact on emotions and identify moderating variables. The simulations increased negative affect
and decreased positive affect. Sex of the participant and differing levels of duration, volume, and context of the simulation
did not influence the magnitude of the emotional responses. However, simulations with derogatory content led to greater increased
negative affect and decreased positive affect than simulations with benevolent/neutral content. These results suggest that
the content of simulations have a substantial effect, which is pertinent to administering simulations for training purposes
and implementing psychosocial rehabilitation programs for those who hallucinate.
相似文献
Seth A. BrownEmail: |